Fibre optiqueUne fibre optique est un fil dont l’âme, très fine et faite de verre ou de plastique, a la propriété de conduire la lumière et sert pour la fibroscopie, l'éclairage ou la transmission de données numériques. Elle offre un débit d'information nettement supérieur à celui des câbles coaxiaux et peut servir de support à un réseau « large bande » par lequel transitent aussi bien la télévision, le téléphone, la visioconférence ou les données informatiques.
Fiber-optic cableA fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for optical communication in different applications, for example long-distance telecommunication or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
Fiber-optic communicationFiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
Single-mode optical fiberIn fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF), also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies.
Multi-mode optical fiberMulti-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Multi-mode links can be used for data rates up to 100 Gbit/s. Multi-mode fiber has a fairly large core diameter that enables multiple light modes to be propagated and limits the maximum length of a transmission link because of modal dispersion. The standard G.651.1 defines the most widely used forms of multi-mode optical fiber.
Double-clad fiberDouble-clad fiber (DCF) is a class of optical fiber with a structure consisting of three layers of optical material instead of the usual two. The inner-most layer is called the core. It is surrounded by the inner cladding, which is surrounded by the outer cladding. The three layers are made of materials with different refractive indices. There are two different kinds of double-clad fibers. The first was developed early in optical fiber history with the purpose of engineering the dispersion of optical fibers.
Fiber laserA fiber laser (or fibre laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
TélécommunicationsLes télécommunications sont définies comme la transmission d’informations à distance en utilisant des technologies électronique, informatique, de transmission filaire, optique ou électromagnétique. Ce terme a un sens plus large que son acception équivalente officielle « communication électronique ». Elles se distinguent ainsi de la poste qui transmet des informations ou des objets sous forme physique.
Transmission (mécanique)Une transmission est un dispositif mécanique permettant de transmettre, ou convertir, un mouvement d'une pièce à une autre. Cet élément de la chaîne d'énergie a pour fonction l'adaptation du couple et de la vitesse entre l'organe moteur et l'organe entraîné. La transmission du mouvement est l'une des fonctions les plus courantes des éléments de la mécanique générale, c'est-à-dire des dispositifs mécaniques destinés à remplacer la main de l'homme.
Automatic transmissionAn automatic transmission (sometimes abbreviated AT) is a multi-speed transmission used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. The most common type of automatic transmission is the hydraulic automatic, which uses a planetary gearset, hydraulic controls, and a torque converter. Other types of automatic transmissions include continuously variable transmissions (CVT), automated manual transmissions (AMT), and dual-clutch transmissions (DCT).
Variateur de vitesse mécaniqueUn variateur de vitesse mécanique ou transmission à variation continue est un dispositif mécanique permettant de faire varier continûment le rapport de démultiplication d'un arbre moteur à un arbre mené. Il est utilisé en remplacement d'une boîte de vitesses. Dans le monde automobile, il est connu sous son acronyme anglais : CVT (pour Continuously Variable Transmission ou Continuously Variable Torque).
Amplificateur optiqueEn optique, on appelle amplificateur optique un dispositif qui amplifie un signal lumineux sans avoir besoin de le convertir d'abord en signal électrique avant de l'amplifier avec les techniques classiques de l'électronique. Un amplificateur à fibre dopée fonctionne à la manière d'un laser. Une portion de fibre optique est dopée et est pompée optiquement avec un laser afin de placer les ions de dopage dans un état excité.
Transmission non synchroniséeUne transmission non synchronisée est un type de transmission de base qui n'utilise pas les mécanismes de synchronisation sur les engrenages. Ce système est principalement utilisé sur les engins agricoles et les véhicules commerciaux. Conçus pour tirer des charges énormes, souvent égales ou supérieures à 40 tonnes, certains véhicules peuvent également utiliser une combinaison de transmissions pour les différents mécanismes. Un exemple serait une prise de force.
Transmission control unitA transmission control unit (TCU), also known as a transmission control module (TCM), or a gearbox control unit (GCU), is a type of automotive ECU that is used to control electronic automatic transmissions. Similar systems are used in conjunction with various semi-automatic transmissions, purely for clutch automation and actuation. A TCU in a modern automatic transmission generally uses sensors from the vehicle, as well as data provided by the engine control unit (ECU), to calculate how and when to change gears in the vehicle for optimum performance, fuel economy and shift quality.
Transverse modeA transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser's optical resonator. Transverse modes occur because of boundary conditions imposed on the wave by the waveguide.
Polarization-maintaining optical fiberIn fiber optics, polarization-maintaining optical fiber (PMF or PM fiber) is a single-mode optical fiber in which linearly polarized light, if properly launched into the fiber, maintains a linear polarization during propagation, exiting the fiber in a specific linear polarization state; there is little or no cross-coupling of optical power between the two polarization modes. Such fiber is used in special applications where preserving polarization is essential.
Semi-automatic transmissionA semi-automatic transmission is a multiple-speed transmission where part of its operation is automated (typically the actuation of the clutch), but the driver's input is still required to launch the vehicle from a standstill and to manually change gears. Semi-automatic transmissions were almost exclusively used in motorcycles and are based on conventional manual transmissions or sequential manual transmissions, but use an automatic clutch system.
Ouverture numériqueL’ouverture numérique est une caractéristique d'un système optique, généralement notée O.N. (ou NA dans la littérature anglophone, pour Numerical Aperture). Elle est définie par , où n0 est l'indice de réfraction dans le milieu d'observation, et i0 est l'angle entre l'axe optique et le rayon le plus écarté de l'axe optique qui entre dans la lentille. Cet angle est appelé demi-angle d'ouverture.
ApertureIn optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of the bundle of rays that come to a focus in the . An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted by the system.
Ouverture (photographie)thumb|250x250px|Différents réglages de l'ouverture. f / 1,8 est l'ouverture utile (dite "maximale") de cet objectif. alt=objectif Nikkor|thumb|250x250px|Bague de réglage de l'ouverture (objectif Nikon) L'ouverture d'un objectif photographique est le réglage qui permet d'ajuster le diamètre d'ouverture du diaphragme. Elle est caractérisée par le nombre d'ouverture ou ouverture géométrique, plus fréquemment notée « / ». Ce nombre sans dimension est défini comme le rapport du diamètre de la pupille d'entrée à la focale (distance focale image, positive, ici notée pour simplifier les écritures).
