Méthode scientifiqueLa méthode scientifique désigne l'ensemble des canons guidant ou devant guider le processus de production des connaissances scientifiques, qu'il s'agisse d'observations, d'expériences, de raisonnements, ou de calculs théoriques. Très souvent, le terme de « méthode » engage l'idée implicite de son unicité, tant auprès du grand public que de certains chercheurs, qui de surcroît la confondent parfois avec la seule méthode hypothético-déductive.
Scientific theoryA scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment. In circumstances not amenable to experimental testing, theories are evaluated through principles of abductive reasoning.
Hasardvignette|Les jeux de dés sont des symboles du hasard (jeux de hasard). vignette|Tyché ou Fortuna et sa corne d'abondance (fortune, hasard, en grec ancien, sort en latin) déesse allégorique gréco-romaine de la chance, des coïncidences, de la fortune, de la prospérité, de la destinée...|alt= Le hasard est le principe déclencheur d'événements non liés à une cause connue. Il peut être synonyme de l'« imprévisibilité », de l'« imprédictibilité », de fortune ou de destin.
Randomness testA randomness test (or test for randomness), in data evaluation, is a test used to analyze the distribution of a set of data to see whether it can be described as random (patternless). In stochastic modeling, as in some computer simulations, the hoped-for randomness of potential input data can be verified, by a formal test for randomness, to show that the data are valid for use in simulation runs. In some cases, data reveals an obvious non-random pattern, as with so-called "runs in the data" (such as expecting random 0–9 but finding "4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1.
Statistical randomnessA numeric sequence is said to be statistically random when it contains no recognizable patterns or regularities; sequences such as the results of an ideal dice roll or the digits of π exhibit statistical randomness. Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply "true" randomness, i.e., objective unpredictability. Pseudorandomness is sufficient for many uses, such as statistics, hence the name statistical randomness. Global randomness and local randomness are different.
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