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Épistémologie

Lépistémologie (du grec ancien « connaissance vraie, science » et / « discours ») est d'abord l'étude de la connaissance scientifique. Au sens actuel, l'épistémologie désigne également l'étude critique d'une science particulière, quant à son évolution, sa valeur, et sa portée scientifique et philosophique. Aujourd'hui, selon les langues et notamment en anglais, le terme « épistémologie » (en) peut également renvoyer à la théorie de la connaissance ou à la gnoséologie. Mais en matière d'épistémologie, le s'interrogerait plutôt sur la rupture ou la continuité entre la connaissance commune et la science. Lorsqu'il est introduit en français en , à partir de la traduction anglaise du mot en, le mot désigne dans les deux langues la philosophie des sciences. Par la suite, le sens a dérivé dans le monde anglo-saxon vers l'étude de la connaissance en général, en particulier sous l'influence de Bertrand Russell dans les années 1945. Il reste que, même si elle se constitue en champ disciplinaire autonome au début du , l'épistémologie moderne trouverait son origine au dans la philosophie de Kant. Tandis qu'au tournant du dans le , le positivisme d'Auguste Comte s'impose en France, on assiste en Allemagne à une dichotomie entre « sciences naturelles » (Naturwissenschaften) et « sciences de l'esprit » (Geiteswissenschaften) selon Wilhelm Dilthey. Paradoxalement, dans les années 1920, en Autriche, le Cercle de Vienne réaffirme toutefois l'unité des sciences, en donnant naissance à un courant néo-positiviste. Une épistémologie historique spécifiquement française, qu'illustre entre autres Le nouvel esprit scientifique de Gaston Bachelard, renouvelle l'enseignement rationaliste d'Auguste Comte depuis la nouvelle chaire dHistoire et de Philosophie des Sciences à la Sorbonne. En Europe centrale, bien qu'il n'ait pas été sans critiquer le positivisme logique, le philosophe des sciences autrichien Karl Popper introduit le critère de réfutabilité d'une théorie pour évaluer sa valeur scientifique, ce qui n'est pas sans faire question pour les sciences humaines.

Ontologie

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Exercices associés (7)

Unités et analyse dimensionnelle

Dimensional analysis is a physical concept that helps understanding physical situations in which various physical quantities are used. It is also used to hypothetically link different physical quantities that can then be verified experimentally. For every physical quantity, there is a corresponding dimension, associated in mechanics to length (L), mass (M), time (T) and their combinations. For instance, the physical dimension of “velocity” v is length/time (L/T). The unit and dimension of a physical quant

Trajectoire de particule dans un champ électrique

A particle of mass m and of charge qu2004>u20040 is moving under the influence of an uniform magnetic field

{\bf B}=(0,0,B_0)

and of an uniform electric field

{\bf E}=(0,E_0,0)

. At the time tu2004=u20040, the particle is located at

{\bf r}_0=(0,y_0,0)

, where y₀u2004=u2004(mv₀/qB₀), and its velocity is

{\bf v}(t=0)=(v_0 +E_0/B_0,0,0)

. Determine the trajectory of the particle. The particle is subject to the Lorentz force:

Questions conceptuelles sur la gravitation

Why doesn’t the Moon fall on the Earth like an apple falling from a tree?
This question was very important in Newton’s work, and the answer he gave allowed science to distance itself from the antiquated approach that celestial bodies and everyday objects did not obey the same physical laws. The Moon, like the apple, is subjected to an attracting force from the Earth. Is an apple, or the Moon, is released without any initial speed, then it will crash on Earth. But what hap

Le corbeau et le renard

A few days after the events narrated in the famous fable[1], the crow and the fox meet again. Having learned from its mistakes, the crow is determined not to be fooled again by the fox’s flattery. The fox, however, is set on getting a second piece of cheese. This time , it chooses a more direct method and throws a stone at the crow to scare it. It works beyond expectations: as soon as the stone is thrown, the crow drops the cheese. The crow is perched on a tree of height H; the fox is a distance L from the

Notebooks associés (8)

Understanding the Haar Basis for Grayscale Image Compression

A Basis for Grayscale Images[1]¶

                                      [2]Paolo Prandoni, [3]LCAV, EPFL

The concept of "basis" for a vector space is one of the most profound and fruitful ideas in linear algebra. Basis vectors are the "building blocks" that all other vectors are built from; by "disassembling" a vector into a linear combination of basis elements we are able to "look inside" the vector and highlight many of its relevant features. A vector space has an infinite number o

Exploring Quantization and Oversampling through One-Bit Music

One-Bit Music[1]¶ In this notebook we will talk about quantization and oversampling and we will do so by taking a trip down memory lane to revisit the early from monophonic square waves, introduce polyphony by way of pulse-width modulation and finish with the basics of sigma-delta quantization. pacman In [1]: import matplotlib import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import scipy.signal as sp from scipy.io import wavfile import IPython In [2]: import sys ! wget -q -O mus

Whistle-Activated Keylock System Implementation

Whistling Keylock[1]¶ In this notebook we will implement a simple "whistle-activated" keylock, that is, an access control system where the password is a pre-defined melody. To program the lock, you record your musical passphrase and then, to open the lock, you whistle it back. Although the implementation will be simple and skip most of the fine details that would be necessary to produce a truly robust system, we need to take into account at least the following points: * The syste

Fairness Week 2: COMPAS and Fairness in Machine Learning – Solutions

Fairness Week 2: Predicting recidivism¶{.anchor-link} {#Fairness-Week-2:-Predicting-recidivism}

How to use this notebook Simply read the text and follow the instructions.
This notebook contains code cells, which can be modified and must be executed to see the result of their content.
To execute a cell, select it and click on the play button (▶) in the tool bar, or type Shift + Enter or Ctr + Enter. As the variables contained in a cell are stor

Digital Simulation of Guitar Feedback in I Feel Fine by The Beatles

I Feel Fine, Digitally[1]¶ This notebook is a little musing inspired by the "internal mechanics" of a very famous audio snippet, namely the guitar sound at the beginning of the song "I Feel Fine", written and recorded by the Beatles in 1964. The historical significance of the record lies in the following claim by John Lennon:

 "I defy anybody to find a record... unless it is some old blues
 record from 1922... that uses feedback that way. So I claim it for
 the Beatles. Before H

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Exercices associés (7)

Unités et analyse dimensionnelle

Trajectoire de particule dans un champ électrique

A particle of mass m and of charge qu2004>u20040 is moving under the influence of an uniform magnetic field

{\bf B}=(0,0,B_0)

and of an uniform electric field

{\bf E}=(0,E_0,0)

. At the time tu2004=u20040, the particle is located at

{\bf r}_0=(0,y_0,0)

, where y₀u2004=u2004(mv₀/qB₀), and its velocity is

{\bf v}(t=0)=(v_0 +E_0/B_0,0,0)

. Determine the trajectory of the particle. The particle is subject to the Lorentz force:

Questions conceptuelles sur la gravitation

Why doesn’t the Moon fall on the Earth like an apple falling from a tree?
This question was very important in Newton’s work, and the answer he gave allowed science to distance itself from the antiquated approach that celestial bodies and everyday objects did not obey the same physical laws. The Moon, like the apple, is subjected to an attracting force from the Earth. Is an apple, or the Moon, is released without any initial speed, then it will crash on Earth. But what hap

Le corbeau et le renard

Épistémologie

Chattez avec Graph Search

Fairness Week 2: Predicting recidivism¶{.anchor-link} {#Fairness-Week-2:-Predicting-recidivism}

Fairness Week 2: Predicting recidivism¶{.anchor-link} {#Fairness-Week-2:-Predicting-recidivism}

Understanding Implicit Schemas of Reasoning

Docta Manus Drawing Structures 2025

Villa-Mania The Ideology of the Seaside Villa in Postwar Italy (1953-1973)