Lecture

Diffraction-limited storage rings

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Description

This lecture covers the techniques and applications of diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs), focusing on electron emittance, undulator spectra, coherent fraction, and the scientific benefits of DLSRs. It discusses the emittances at 3rd and 4th generation facilities, the increase in coherent fraction with reduced emittance, and the large working distance and sample environment complexities. The lecture also explores new source technologies, tight focus, increased flux, higher photon energy, novel x-ray optics, and beam coherence. Various scientific methods and technologies enabled by DLSRs, such as XRD, XPCS, Zernike microscopy, and lensless imaging, are highlighted.

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X-ray

X-ray radiation, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 picometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3e16Hz to 3e19Hz) and energies in the range 124 keV to 145 eV, respectively. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays.

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An X-ray telescope (XRT) is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X-ray spectrum. In order to get above the Earth's atmosphere, which is opaque to X-rays, X-ray telescopes must be mounted on high altitude rockets, balloons or artificial satellites. The basic elements of the telescope are the optics (focusing or collimating), that collects the radiation entering the telescope, and the detector, on which the radiation is collected and measured. A variety of different designs and technologies have been used for these elements.

X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.

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Undulator

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