Concept

Retina bipolar cell

As a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells. They act, directly or indirectly, to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells are so-named as they have a central body from which two sets of processes arise. They can synapse with either rods or cones (rod/cone mixed input BCs have been found in teleost fish but not mammals), and they also accept synapses from horizontal cells. The bipolar cells then transmit the signals from the photoreceptors or the horizontal cells, and pass it on to the ganglion cells directly or indirectly (via amacrine cells). Unlike most neurons, bipolar cells communicate via graded potentials, rather than action potentials. Bipolar cells receive synaptic input from either rods or cones, or both rods and cones, though they are generally designated rod bipolar or cone bipolar cells. There are roughly 10 distinct forms of cone bipolar cells, however, only one rod bipolar cell, due to the rod receptor arriving later in the evolutionary history than the cone receptor. In the dark, a photoreceptor (rod/cone) cell will release glutamate, which inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the ON bipolar cells and excites (depolarizes) the OFF bipolar cells. In light, however, light strikes the photoreceptor cell which causes it to be inhibited (hyperpolarized) due to the activation of opsins which activate G-Proteins that activate phosphodiesterase (PDE) which cleaves cGMP into 5'-GMP. In photoreceptor cells, there is an abundance of cGMP in dark conditions, keeping cGMP-gated Na channels open and so, activating PDE diminishes the supply of cGMP, reducing the number of open Na channels and thus hyperpolarizing the photoreceptor cell, causing less glutamate to be released. This causes the ON bipolar cell to lose its inhibition and become active (depolarized), while the OFF bipolar cell loses its excitation (becomes hyperpolarized) and becomes silent. Rod bipolar cells do not synapse directly on to ganglion cells.

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell

About this result

This page is automatically generated and may contain information that is not correct, complete, up-to-date, or relevant to your search query. The same applies to every other page on this website. Please make sure to verify the information with EPFL's official sources.

Related courses (25)

BIO-369: Randomness and information in biological data

Biology is becoming more and more a data science, as illustrated by the explosion of available genome sequences. This course aims to show how we can make sense of such data and harness it in order to understand biological processes in a quantitative way. ...

EE-519: Bioelectronics and biomedical microelectronics

The course covers the fundaments of bioelectronics and integrated microelectronics for biomedical and implantable systems. Issues and trade-offs at the circuit and systems levels of invasive microelectronic systems as well as their eluding designs, methods ...

NX-423: Translational neuroengineering

This course integrates knowledge in basic, systems, clinical and computational neuroscience, and engineering with the goal of translating this integrated knowledge into the development of novel methods, technology for the clinical application for patients ...

Related lectures (32)

Color Vision: Evolution and Genetics

Explores the evolution and genetics of color vision in mammals, birds, and primates over millions of years.

Receptive Field Development

Explores receptive fields in neurobiology, from basic concepts to complex formations and neural plasticity.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Techniques and Applications

Covers the principles and applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in various fields, including medical diagnostics and materials science.

Related publications (8)

Maximizing the fidelity of a photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis for human patients

Objective. PRIMA subretinal implants provide pros thetic vision to patients blinded by age-related macular degeneration, with acuity closely matching the sampling limit of the pixel pitch: a single 100µm pixel per line of a letter corresponds to 20/420 acuity. Decreasing the pixel size in the same flat geometry is difficult due to the constrained electric field, especially consid ering a 40µm thick debris layer separating the implant from the target neurons. Here we optimize the electrode design to help ove

IOP Publishing2026

Sampling Permutations with Cell Probes Is Hard

Suppose we are given an infinite sequence of input cells, each initialized with a uniform random symbol from [n]. How hard is it to output a sequence in [n]n that is close to a uniform random permutation? Viola (SICOMP 2020) conjectured that if each output cell is computed by making d probes to input cells, then d≥ω(1). Our main result shows that, in fact, d≥ (logn)Ω(1), which is tight up to the constant in the exponent. Our techniques also show that if the probes are nonadaptive, then d≥ nΩ(1), which is an

ACM2026

Abstract 2512: A real time imaging based functional precision medicine (FPM) assay for glioblastoma

Functional precision medicine (FPM) assays, which test drug effects on live patient tumor cells, have the potential of personalizing therapy guidance for cancer patients. A number of FPM assays have been developed, the most common being based on measurements of “cell growth”. However, the majority of these measure “growth” of cells indirectly via bulk viability (e.g. Cell Titer Glo) as a surrogate for increased cell numbers within the assay by a defined time point but interpretation of such low dimensional

American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)2026

Graph Chat

Chat with Graph Search

Ask any question about EPFL courses, lectures, exercises, research, news, etc. or try the example questions below.

DISCLAIMER: The Graph Chatbot is not programmed to provide explicit or categorical answers to your questions. Rather, it transforms your questions into API requests that are distributed across the various IT services officially administered by EPFL. Its purpose is solely to collect and recommend relevant references to content that you can explore to help you answer your questions.

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell

About this result

Related courses (25)

BIO-369: Randomness and information in biological data

EE-519: Bioelectronics and biomedical microelectronics

NX-423: Translational neuroengineering

Related lectures (32)

Color Vision: Evolution and Genetics

Explores the evolution and genetics of color vision in mammals, birds, and primates over millions of years.

Receptive Field Development

Explores receptive fields in neurobiology, from basic concepts to complex formations and neural plasticity.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Techniques and Applications

Covers the principles and applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in various fields, including medical diagnostics and materials science.

Related publications (8)

Maximizing the fidelity of a photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis for human patients

IOP Publishing2026

Sampling Permutations with Cell Probes Is Hard

ACM2026

Abstract 2512: A real time imaging based functional precision medicine (FPM) assay for glioblastoma

American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)2026

Related people (14)

Naïg Aurelia Ludmilla Chenais

Arnaud Bertsch

Teaching & PhD PhD Students Tao Zhang, Pol Torres Vila, Nicolas Bruno Minazzo Past EPFL PhD Students as codirector Joan Teixidor, Clémentine Sophie Sarah Lipp, Nicolas Grégoire Maïno, Jiande Zhou, Jongeon Park Courses Advanced microfabrication practicals MICRO-373 This TP allows for in-depth training on advanced micro and nanofabrication methods in a clean-room environment for selected applications, gain deeper knowledge in MEMS/NEMS processes, work in a small group together with PhD stude

Pierre Magistretti

Pierre J. Magistretti is an internationally-recognized neuroscientist who has made significant contributions in the field of brain energy metabolism. His group has discovered some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the coupling between neuronal activity and energy consumption by the brain. This work has considerable ramifications for the understanding of the origin of the signals detected with the current functional brain imaging techniques used in neurological and psychiatric research (see for example Magistretti et al, Science, 283: 496 497, 1999). He is the author of over 100 articles published in peer-reviewed journals. He has given over 80 invited lectures at international meetings or at universities in Europe and North America, including the 2000 Talairach Lecture at the Functional Mapping of the Human Brain Conference. In November 2000 he has been a Mc Donnel Visiting Scholar at Washington University School of Medicine. Pierre J. Magistretti is the President-Elect (2002 2004) of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) which has a membership of over 15000 European neuroscientists. He has been first president of the Swiss Society for Neuroscience (1997-1999) and the first Chairman of the Department of Neurosciences of the University of Lausanne (1996 1998). Pierre J. Magistretti is Professor of Physiology (since 1988) at the University of Lausanne Medical School. He has been Vice-Dean of the University of Lausanne Medical School from 1996 to 2000. Pierre Magistretti, is Director of the Brain Mind Institute at EPFL and Director of the Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience of the University of Lausanne and CHUV. He is also Director of the NCCR SYNAPSY "the synaptic bases of mental diseases". POSITIONS AND HONORS MAIN POSITION HELD 1988-2004 Professor of Physiology, University of Lausanne Medical School 1996-2000 Vice-Dean for Preclinical Departments, University of Lausanne Medical School 2001-2004 Chairman, Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne Medical School 2004-present Professor and Director, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne Medical School and Hospitals (UNIL-CHUV) (Joint appointment with EPFL) 2005-2008 Professor and Co-Director, Brain Mind Institute, Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne (Joint appointment with UNIL-CHUV) 2007-present Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of Centre dImagerie Biomédicale (CIBM), an Imaging Consortium of the Universities, University Hospitals of Lausanne and Geneva and of Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 2008-present Professor and Director, Brain Mind Institute, Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne Joint appointment with UNIL-CHUV) 2010-present Director, National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) The synaptic bases of mental diseases of the Swiss National Science Foundation 2010-present Secretary General, International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) MAIN HONORS AND AWARDS 1997 Recipient of the Theodore-Ott Prize of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences 2001 Elected Member of Academia Europaea 2001 Elected Member of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, ad personam 2002 Recipient of the Emil Kraepelin Guest Professorship, Max Planck Institute für Psychiatry, Münich 2006 Elected Professor at Collège de France, Paris, International Chair 2007-2008 2009 Goethe Award for Psychoanalytic Scholarship, Canadian Psychological Association 2011 Camillo Golgi Medal Award, Golgi Fondation 2011 Elected Member of the American College of NeuroPsychopharmacology (ACNP)

Mahmut Selman Sakar

Expertise robotics, mechanobiology, microtechnology, smart materials, biomedical devices Teaching & PhD PhD Students Lorenzo Francesco John Noseda, Nikita Norkin, Elif Ezgi Inan, Houman Javaheri, Mehdi Ali Gadiri, Julian Leon Raub, Junsun Hwang Past EPFL PhD Students Erik Mailand, Raquel Filipa Penacho Parreira, Murat Kaynak, Lucio Pancaldi-Giubbini, Fazil Emre Uslu, Matthias Rüegg, Ece Özelçi, Emilie Vuille-Dit-Bille Past EPFL PhD Students as codirector Laura Joan Hermans, Sourabh Monnappa Kuppanda Jafri

Rolf Gruetter

Awards: 1999 Young Investigator Award Plenary Lectureship , International Society for Neurochemistry 2011 Fellow , ESMRMB 2011 Teaching Award , Section Sciences de la Vie, EPFL

Gioele La Manno

Teaching & PhD PhD Students Albert Dominguez Mantes, Xinyi Huang, Laura Lapeña Gil, Alessandro Valente, Luca Fusar Bassini, Hao-An Hsiung, Alireza Gargoorimotlagh, Morgane Alice Storey, Rosan Martine Hans, María Cristina Loureiro Casalderrey, Lada Polyakova Past EPFL PhD Students Alex Russell Lederer, Irina Khven Past EPFL PhD Students as codirector Alexandre Coudray, Alex Russell Lederer, Halima Hannah Emilie Schede, Irina Khven Courses Biological data science I: statistical learning BIOENG-210

Marion Leleu

Expertise Bioinformatics, Genomics, High-Throughput Sequencing, Data Mining Mission Provide advanced and personalised support and consulting in bioinformatics and biostatistics for the scientific community of EPFL, UNIL, and other Institutes.Her main areas of interest and expertise include but are not limited to, genomics, transcriptomics and epigenetics, with a strong interest in integrating multiple modalities, and choosing the appropriate statistical models, to gain a comprehensive understanding of compl

Christophe Moser

Dr. Christophe Moser is Associate Professor of Microengineering and Industrial Relations at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. He was the co-founder and CEO of Ondax,Inc for ten years prior to joining EPFL. During this decade, he raised $15 million from corporate and venture capital sources to fund volume production of thick holographic components in glass and develop devices enabled by these components such as tunable add-drop multiplexers for telecommunications, ultra-narrowband notch filters for low frequency Raman systems, high power semi-conductor frequency-narrowed pumps for fiber lasers, single frequency fixed and tunable lasers for sensing and femtosecond pulse compressors for micro-machining applications. Dr. Moser has a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology, a minor in finance and a bachelor degree in Physics from EPFL. He is the co-inventor of 24 patents, 14 peer reviewed scientific publications, 9 IEEE proceedings and a book chapter. Private interests include tennis, running, ski, basketball and family excursions. 2010: Associate Professor, EPFL, faculty Science Technique Ingenieur. 2000-2010: co-founder, CEO Ondax, Inc. 1995-2000: Graduate Research Assistant, California Institute of Technology. 1993-1995: Engineering Project manager , TESA. 1988-1993: Bachelor candidate in Physics, EPFL. MAIN PUBLICATIONS:

Moser C., Havermeyer F,.Ultra-narrowband tunable laserline notch filter, Appl. Phys. B, 95 (3), pp 597-601, 2009.

Moser C. ,Ho L., Havermeyer F,. Self-aligned Non-dispersive External Cavity Tunable Laser, 16 (21), 16691-16696 Optics Express, 2008.

Steckman, GJ , Moser C. et al. Volume holographic grating wavelength stabilized laser diodes, IEEE J. Of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, (13), 672-678, 2007.

Buse K, Havermeyer F, Liu W., Moser C, Psaltis D. Holographic Filters , Book Chapter Photorefractive Materials and their Applications, 2005.

Havermeyer, F; Liu, WH; Moser, C, et al. Volume holographic grating-based continuously tunable optical filter , Opt. Eng. 43 (9), 2017-2021, 2004.

Moser C., Maravic I., Schupp B., Adibi A, Psaltis D, Diffraction efficiency of localized holograms in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals, Opt. Lett. 25: (17),1243-1245, 2000.

David Pascucci

Jean-Louis Scartezzini

Director of EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (1994-present); Founder & Director of ENAC Institute of Infrastructures, Resources and Environment (2002-2009); Founder & Director of EPFL Doctoral Program in Environment (2002-2009); Co-Director of EPFL Institute of Building Technology (1994-1997); Associate Professor of Building Physics at EPFL (1994-1997); Associate Professor of Building Physics at University of Geneva (1990-1997); Group Leader & Research Fellow at the EPFL Solar Energy Research Group (1981-1989); Research Fellow at the Applied Geophysics Institute of University of Lausanne (1980-1981).

Related units (2)

Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering

IBI-STI - Administration

Related concepts (7)

Scotopic vision

In the study of human visual perception, scotopic vision (or scotopia) is the vision of the eye under low-light conditions. The term comes from Greek skotos, meaning "darkness", and -opia, meaning "a condition of sight". In the human eye, cone cells are nonfunctional in low visible light. Scotopic vision is produced exclusively through rod cells, which are most sensitive to wavelengths of around 498 nm (blue-green) and are insensitive to wavelengths longer than about 640 nm (red-orange).

Amacrine cell

Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. They are named from the Greek roots a– ("non"), makr– ("long") and in– ("fiber"), because of their short neuronal processes. Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells, and bipolar cells or both of these. Amacrine cells operate at inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses.

Retinal ganglion cell

A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye. It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells. Retina amacrine cells, particularly narrow field cells, are important for creating functional subunits within the ganglion cell layer and making it so that ganglion cells can observe a small dot moving a small distance.