Ensemble microcanoniqueEn physique statistique, l'ensemble microcanonique est un ensemble statistique constitué des répliques fictives d'un système réel pouvant être considéré comme isolé, par suite dont l'énergie (E), le volume (V) et le nombre de particules (N) sont fixés. Cet ensemble statistique a une importance particulière, car c'est à partir de celui-ci que le postulat de la physique statistique est défini. Cet ensemble permet aussi de déterminer les ensembles canonique et grand-canonique, à l'aide d'échanges d'énergie et/ou de particules avec un réservoir.
Many-body problemThe many-body problem is a general name for a vast category of physical problems pertaining to the properties of microscopic systems made of many interacting particles. Microscopic here implies that quantum mechanics has to be used to provide an accurate description of the system. Many can be anywhere from three to infinity (in the case of a practically infinite, homogeneous or periodic system, such as a crystal), although three- and four-body systems can be treated by specific means (respectively the Faddeev and Faddeev–Yakubovsky equations) and are thus sometimes separately classified as few-body systems.
Local-density approximationLocal-density approximations (LDA) are a class of approximations to the exchange–correlation (XC) energy functional in density functional theory (DFT) that depend solely upon the value of the electronic density at each point in space (and not, for example, derivatives of the density or the Kohn–Sham orbitals). Many approaches can yield local approximations to the XC energy. However, overwhelmingly successful local approximations are those that have been derived from the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) model.
