MatroïdeEn mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en combinatoire, un matroïde est une structure introduite comme un cadre général pour le concept d'indépendance linéaire. Elle est donc naturellement liée à l'algèbre linéaire (déjà au niveau du vocabulaire : indépendant, base, rang), mais aussi à la théorie des graphes (circuit, cycle), à l'algorithmique (algorithme glouton), et à la géométrie (pour diverses questions liées à la représentation). La notion a été introduite en 1935 par Whitney. Le mot matroïde provient du mot matrice.
Graphic matroidIn the mathematical theory of matroids, a graphic matroid (also called a cycle matroid or polygon matroid) is a matroid whose independent sets are the forests in a given finite undirected graph. The dual matroids of graphic matroids are called co-graphic matroids or bond matroids. A matroid that is both graphic and co-graphic is sometimes called a planar matroid (but this should not be confused with matroids of rank 3, which generalize planar point configurations); these are exactly the graphic matroids formed from planar graphs.
Matroid representationIn the mathematical theory of matroids, a matroid representation is a family of vectors whose linear independence relation is the same as that of a given matroid. Matroid representations are analogous to group representations; both types of representation provide abstract algebraic structures (matroids and groups respectively) with concrete descriptions in terms of linear algebra. A linear matroid is a matroid that has a representation, and an F-linear matroid (for a field F) is a matroid that has a representation using a vector space over F.
Matroid rankIn the mathematical theory of matroids, the rank of a matroid is the maximum size of an independent set in the matroid. The rank of a subset S of elements of the matroid is, similarly, the maximum size of an independent subset of S, and the rank function of the matroid maps sets of elements to their ranks. The rank function is one of the fundamental concepts of matroid theory via which matroids may be axiomatized. Matroid rank functions form an important subclass of the submodular set functions.
Matroid oracleIn mathematics and computer science, a matroid oracle is a subroutine through which an algorithm may access a matroid, an abstract combinatorial structure that can be used to describe the linear dependencies between vectors in a vector space or the spanning trees of a graph, among other applications. The most commonly used oracle of this type is an independence oracle, a subroutine for testing whether a set of matroid elements is independent.
Regular matroidIn mathematics, a regular matroid is a matroid that can be represented over all fields. A matroid is defined to be a family of subsets of a finite set, satisfying certain axioms. The sets in the family are called "independent sets". One of the ways of constructing a matroid is to select a finite set of vectors in a vector space, and to define a subset of the vectors to be independent in the matroid when it is linearly independent in the vector space.
Vámos matroidIn mathematics, the Vámos matroid or Vámos cube is a matroid over a set of eight elements that cannot be represented as a matrix over any field. It is named after English mathematician Peter Vámos, who first described it in an unpublished manuscript in 1968. The Vámos matroid has eight elements, which may be thought of as the eight vertices of a cube or cuboid. The matroid has rank 4: all sets of three or fewer elements are independent, and 65 of the 70 possible sets of four elements are also independent.
Oriented matroidAn oriented matroid is a mathematical structure that abstracts the properties of directed graphs, vector arrangements over ordered fields, and hyperplane arrangements over ordered fields. In comparison, an ordinary (i.e., non-oriented) matroid abstracts the dependence properties that are common both to graphs, which are not necessarily directed, and to arrangements of vectors over fields, which are not necessarily ordered. All oriented matroids have an underlying matroid.
Bicircular matroidIn the mathematical subject of matroid theory, the bicircular matroid of a graph G is the matroid B(G) whose points are the edges of G and whose independent sets are the edge sets of pseudoforests of G, that is, the edge sets in which each connected component contains at most one cycle. The bicircular matroid was introduced by and explored further by and others. It is a special case of the frame matroid of a biased graph.
Graph embeddingIn topological graph theory, an embedding (also spelled imbedding) of a graph on a surface is a representation of on in which points of are associated with vertices and simple arcs (homeomorphic images of ) are associated with edges in such a way that: the endpoints of the arc associated with an edge are the points associated with the end vertices of no arcs include points associated with other vertices, two arcs never intersect at a point which is interior to either of the arcs. Here a surface is a compact, connected -manifold.
Linkless embeddingIn topological graph theory, a mathematical discipline, a linkless embedding of an undirected graph is an embedding of the graph into three-dimensional Euclidean space in such a way that no two cycles of the graph are linked. A flat embedding is an embedding with the property that every cycle is the boundary of a topological disk whose interior is disjoint from the graph. A linklessly embeddable graph is a graph that has a linkless or flat embedding; these graphs form a three-dimensional analogue of the planar graphs.
Branch-decompositionIn graph theory, a branch-decomposition of an undirected graph G is a hierarchical clustering of the edges of G, represented by an unrooted binary tree T with the edges of G as its leaves. Removing any edge from T partitions the edges of G into two subgraphs, and the width of the decomposition is the maximum number of shared vertices of any pair of subgraphs formed in this way. The branchwidth of G is the minimum width of any branch-decomposition of G.
Problème de décisionEn informatique théorique, un problème de décision est une question mathématique dont la réponse est soit « oui », soit « non ». Les logiciens s'y sont intéressés à cause de l'existence ou de la non-existence d'un algorithme répondant à la question posée. Les problèmes de décision interviennent dans deux domaines de la logique : la théorie de la calculabilité et la théorie de la complexité. Parmi les problèmes de décision citons par exemple le problème de l'arrêt, le problème de correspondance de Post ou le dernier théorème de Fermat.
Pairwise independenceIn probability theory, a pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent. Any collection of mutually independent random variables is pairwise independent, but some pairwise independent collections are not mutually independent. Pairwise independent random variables with finite variance are uncorrelated. A pair of random variables X and Y are independent if and only if the random vector (X, Y) with joint cumulative distribution function (CDF) satisfies or equivalently, their joint density satisfies That is, the joint distribution is equal to the product of the marginal distributions.
Résolution de problèmevignette|Résolution d'un problème mathématique. La résolution de problème est le processus d'identification puis de mise en œuvre d'une solution à un problème. Analyse de cause racine (ACR, Root cause analysis) : cette démarche part du constat qu'il est plus judicieux de traiter les causes d'un problème que d'en traiter les symptômes immédiats. Puisqu'analyser les causes d'un problème permet d'en déterminer une solution définitive, et donc, empêcher qu'il ne se reproduise de nouveau.
Mineur (théorie des graphes)La notion de mineur d'un graphe est un concept de théorie des graphes. Il a été défini et étudié par Robertson et Seymour dans une série d'articles intitulée Graph minors (I à XXIII), publiée dans le Journal of Combinatorial Theory entre 1983 et 2011. Soit un graphe non orienté fini. Un graphe est un mineur de s'il peut être obtenu en contractant des arêtes d'un sous-graphe de .
Problème du sac à dosEn algorithmique, le problème du sac à dos, parfois noté (KP) (de l'anglais Knapsack Problem) est un problème d'optimisation combinatoire. Ce problème classique en informatique et en mathématiques modélise une situation analogue au remplissage d'un sac à dos. Il consiste à trouver la combinaison d'éléments la plus précieuse à inclure dans un sac à dos, étant donné un ensemble d'éléments décrits par leurs poids et valeurs.
Problème de l'arrêtvignette|L'animation illustre une machine impossible : il n'y a pas de machine qui lit n'importe quel code source d'un programme et dit si son exécution termine ou non. En théorie de la calculabilité, le problème de l'arrêt est le problème de décision qui détermine, à partir d'une description d'un programme informatique, et d'une entrée, si le programme s'arrête avec cette entrée ou non.
HypergrapheLes hypergraphes sont des objets mathématiques généralisant la notion de graphe. Ils ont été nommés ainsi par Claude Berge dans les années 1960. Les hypergraphes généralisent la notion de graphe non orienté dans le sens où les arêtes ne relient plus un ou deux sommets, mais un nombre quelconque de sommets (compris entre un et le nombre de sommets de l’hypergraphe). Certains théorèmes de la théorie des graphes se généralisent naturellement aux hypergraphes, par exemple le théorème de Ramsey.
Mathematical problemA mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems. It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell's Paradox. Informal "real-world" mathematical problems are questions related to a concrete setting, such as "Adam has five apples and gives John three.
