Économie circulaireL'économie circulaire est un nouveau modèle économique à vision systémique. Les notions d'économie verte, d’économie de l'usage ou de l'économie de la fonctionnalité, de l'économie de la performance et de l'écologie industrielle font partie de l'économie circulaire. Une telle économie fonctionne en boucle, abolissant ainsi la notion de « déchet ». Son objectif est de produire des biens et services tout en limitant fortement la consommation et le gaspillage des matières premières, et des sources d'énergies non renouvelables.
Protein engineeringProtein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles. It has been used to improve the function of many enzymes for industrial catalysis. It is also a product and services market, with an estimated value of $168 billion by 2017.
AdhésifUn adhésif est un matériau qui permet de rendre des objets mécaniquement solidaires. Selon leur état de surface lisse ou rugueux, leur porosité, leur souplesse ou leur rigidité, les critères biologiques de tolérance de la substance, le caractère provisoire ou durable de l'assemblage, le milieu d'application, on utilise différents types d'adhésifs, dont la structure chimique va ou non réagir avec la surface des pièces.
Protein fold classIn molecular biology, protein fold classes are broad categories of protein tertiary structure topology. They describe groups of proteins that share similar amino acid and secondary structure proportions. Each class contains multiple, independent protein superfamilies (i.e. are not necessarily evolutionarily related to one another). Four large classes of protein that are generally agreed upon by the two main structure classification databases (SCOP and CATH).
Doigt de zincthumb|Dessin représentant le doigt de zinc Cys2His2, consistant en une hélice alpha et un feuillet bêta aux brins antiparallèles. L'ion zinc est en vert, complexé à deux histidines (en bas) et deux cystéines (en haut, soufre en doré) Les doigts de zinc sont de petits motifs structuraux trouvés dans les protéines et capables d'ordonner en complexe un ou plusieurs ions zinc pour stabiliser leur repliement.
Chimie macromoléculairePolymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic metals and ceramics to DNA and other biological molecules.
Protéine fluorescente vertevignette|Aequorea victoria. La protéine fluorescente verte (souvent abrégé GFP, de l'anglais « Green Fluorescent Protein ») est une protéine ayant la propriété d'émettre une fluorescence de couleur verte. Issue d'une méduse (Aequorea victoria), cette protéine est intrinsèquement fluorescente sous l'action d'une enzyme, l'aequoréine, une luciférase qui agit en présence de calcium. Son gène peut être fusionné in-vitro au gène d'une protéine que l'on souhaite étudier.
Sustainable livingSustainable living describes a lifestyle that attempts to reduce the use of Earth's natural resources by an individual or society. Its practitioners often attempt to reduce their ecological footprint (including their carbon footprint) by altering their home designs and methods of transportation, energy consumption and diet. Its proponents aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, naturally balanced, and respectful of humanity's symbiotic relationship with the Earth's natural ecology.
PetrochemicalPetrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions.
Sustainable consumptionSustainable consumption (sometimes abbreviated to "SC") is the use of products and services in ways that minimizes impacts on the environment. Sustainable consumption is done in a way that needs are met for present humans but also for future generations. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal (or recycling) not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations.
Solution aqueusevignette|Photo montrant la préparation d'une solution aqueuse au moment où est versé le soluté. En chimie, une solution aqueuse est une phase liquide contenant plusieurs espèces chimiques, dont une ultramajoritaire, l'eau (H2O, le solvant), et des espèces ultraminoritaires, les solutés ou « espèces chimiques dissoutes ».
Protein splicingProtein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (called exteins) on both sides. The splicing junction of the precursor protein is mainly a cysteine or a serine, which are amino acids containing a nucleophilic side chain. The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
