Optical networkingOptical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded in light to transmit information in various types of telecommunications networks. These include limited range local-area networks (LAN) or wide-area networks (WAN), which cross metropolitan and regional areas as well as long-distance national, international and transoceanic networks. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables.
Double-clad fiberDouble-clad fiber (DCF) is a class of optical fiber with a structure consisting of three layers of optical material instead of the usual two. The inner-most layer is called the core. It is surrounded by the inner cladding, which is surrounded by the outer cladding. The three layers are made of materials with different refractive indices. There are two different kinds of double-clad fibers. The first was developed early in optical fiber history with the purpose of engineering the dispersion of optical fibers.
Télécommunications optiques spatialesLes télécommunications optiques spatiales sont une catégorie de télécommunications spatiales reposant sur l'utilisation de laser pour la transmission des données. Cette technique permet d'accroitre considérablement le débit par rapport aux liaisons radio tout en réduisant la puissance électrique nécessaire. L'utilisation du laser dans ce contexte se heurte toutefois à la nécessité d'un pointage extrêmement précis depuis un support se déplaçant éventuellement à grande vitesse par rapport au récepteur et lorsque ce dernier se trouve au sol à des problèmes de transparence de l'atmosphère.
Fiber-optic cableA fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for optical communication in different applications, for example long-distance telecommunication or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
DopantA dopant (also called a doping agent) is a trace of impurity element that is introduced into a chemical material to alter its original electrical or optical properties. The amount of dopant necessary to cause changes is typically very low. When doped into crystalline substances, the dopant's atoms get incorporated into its crystal lattice. The crystalline materials are frequently either crystals of a semiconductor such as silicon and germanium for use in solid-state electronics, or transparent crystals for use in the production of various laser types; however, in some cases of the latter, noncrystalline substances such as glass can also be doped with impurities.
Optical wireless communicationsOptical wireless communications (OWC) is a form of optical communication in which unguided visible, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light is used to carry a signal. It is generally used in short-range communication. OWC systems operating in the visible band (390–750 nm) are commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). VLC systems take advantage of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which can be pulsed at very high speeds without a noticeable effect on the lighting output and human eye.
Single-mode optical fiberIn fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF), also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies.
Ion laserAn ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium. Like other gas lasers, ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry–Pérot resonator. Unlike helium–neon lasers, the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions. Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers, the required current is much greater, and as a result almost all except for the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled.
PhosphorA phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence; it emits light when exposed to some type of radiant energy. The term is used both for fluorescent or phosphorescent substances which glow on exposure to ultraviolet or visible light, and cathodoluminescent substances which glow when struck by an electron beam (cathode rays) in a cathode-ray tube. When a phosphor is exposed to radiation, the orbital electrons in its molecules are excited to a higher energy level; when they return to their former level they emit the energy as light of a certain color.
Laser à rayons XUn laser à rayon X, ou laser X-UV (soft x-ray laser en anglais, Roentgen laser en allemand) est un dispositif qui transpose le principe et les propriétés du laser aux ondes électromagnétiques de courte longueur d'onde : de l'ultraviolet extrême aux rayons X. On distingue deux types de lasers à rayons X : les lasers X à électrons libres (XFEL ou x-ray free electron laser) et les lasers X à plasma (Plasma-based soft x-ray laser).
Fibre optique plastiquevignette|Photographie d'une fibre optique plastique avec un microscope. Une fibre optique plastique (ou fibre optique polymère ; en anglais, plastic optical fiber, polymer optical fibre ou POF) est une fibre optique qui est faite de plastique. Traditionnellement, le polyméthacrylate de méthyle (acrylique ; souvent abrégé en PMMA de l'anglais poly(methyl methacrylate)) est le matériau du cœur de la fibre et les polymères fluorés sont les matériaux de gainage.
Spectre d'émissionLe spectre d’émission d’une espèce chimique est l’intensité d’émission de ladite espèce à différentes longueurs d’onde quand elle retourne à des niveaux d’énergie inférieurs. Il est en général centré sur plusieurs pics. Comme le spectre d’absorption, il est caractéristique de l’espèce et peut être utilisé pour son identification. thumb|757px|center|Spectre d’émission du fer.thumb|757px|center|Spectre d’émission de l'hydrogène (série de Balmer dans le visible). Spectre électromagnétique | Raie spectrale Flu
