Comparative economic systemsComparative Economic Systems is the sub-classification of economics dealing with the comparative study of different systems of economic organization, such as capitalism, socialism, feudalism and the mixed economy. It is widely held to have been founded by the economist Calvin Bryce Hoover. Comparative economics therefore consisted mainly of comparative economic systems analysis before 1989 but substantially switched its efforts to comparison of the economic effects of the transition experience from socialism to capitalism.
News mediaThe news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public. These include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, news channels etc. Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs and were circulated among merchants. The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets that contained content that was often highly sensationalized.
Libre marchéUn libre marché est un marché dans lequel les transactions (prix, quantités, mesures...) entre acheteurs et vendeurs sont déterminées seulement par leur consentement mutuel. Cela exclut que l'une des parties obtienne la conclusion du marché par contrainte ou par tromperie ; cela exclut également l'intervention d'un tiers pour forcer ou empêcher le marché : notamment, cela limite l'intervention des pouvoirs publics à l'application des droits de propriétés, respect des contrats et vérification du consentement.
Machine-outilUne machine-outil est un équipement mécanique destiné à exécuter un usinage, ou autre tâche répétitive, avec une précision et une puissance adaptées. Elle imprime à un outil, qu'il soit fixe, mobile, ou tournant, un mouvement permettant d'usiner ou de déformer une pièce ou un ensemble fixés sur un plateau mobile ou non. Le tour et notamment le tour à métaux a joué un rôle de premier plan au cours de la révolution industrielle. C'est la machine élémentaire de la mécanique industrielle, celle sans laquelle aucune autre machine ne peut voir le jour.
Economic ideologyAn economic ideology is a set of views forming the basis of an ideology on how the economy should run. It differentiates itself from economic theory in being normative rather than just explanatory in its approach, whereas the aim of economic theories is to create accurate explanatory models to describe how an economy currently functions. However, the two are closely interrelated, as underlying economic ideology influences the methodology and theory employed in analysis.
Sustainable consumptionSustainable consumption (sometimes abbreviated to "SC") is the use of products and services in ways that minimizes impacts on the environment. Sustainable consumption is done in a way that needs are met for present humans but also for future generations. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal (or recycling) not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations.
Sustainability measurementSustainability measurement is a set of frameworks or indicators to measure how sustainable something is. This includes processes, products, services and businesses. Sustainability is difficult to quantify. It may even be impossible to measure. To measure sustainability, the indicators consider environmental, social and economic domains. The metrics are still evolving. They include indicators, benchmarks and audits. They include sustainability standards and certification systems like Fairtrade and Organic.
Sustainable dietSustainable diets are "dietary patterns that promote all dimensions of individuals’ health and wellbeing; have low environmental pressure and impact; are accessible, affordable, safe and equitable; and are culturally acceptable". These diets are nutritious, eco-friendly, economically sustainable, and accessible to people of various socioeconomic backgrounds. Sustainable diets attempt to address nutrient deficiencies (e.g., undernourishment) and excesses (e.g.
Infoxvignette|Manifestation aux États-Unis en 2017 contre la prolifération des infox. Les infox, fausses nouvelles, fausses informations, informations fallacieuses, canards, fake news (), sont des nouvelles mensongères diffusées dans le but de manipuler ou de tromper le public. Les articles contenant de fausses nouvelles emploient souvent des titres accrocheurs ou des informations entièrement fabriquées en vue d'augmenter le nombre de lecteurs et de partages en ligne.
100% renewable energy100% renewable energy means getting all energy from renewable resources. The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by climate change, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels.
Limites planétairesvignette|Les limites planétaires et leur dépassement en 2022. Le cercle en pointillés représente l'estimation des limites de durabilité et les zones colorées l'estimation de leur état fin 2022, la couleur orange représentant un dépassement. Les neuf limites planétaires sont, dans le sens antihoraire et en partant du haut : (1) Changement climatique ; (2) Érosion de la biodiversité ; (3) Modifications des usages des sols ; (4) Pollution chimique (nouvelles entités) ; (5) Perturbation des cycles biochimiques de l'azote et du phosphore ; (6) Acidification des océans ; (7) Aérosols atmosphériques; (8) Diminution de la couche d’ozone ; (9) Utilisation d’eau douce.
Energy supplyEnergy supply is the delivery of fuels or transformed fuels to point of consumption. It potentially encompasses the extraction, transmission, generation, distribution and storage of fuels. It is also sometimes called energy flow. This supply of energy can be disrupted by several factors, including imposition of higher energy prices due to action by OPEC or other cartel, cum, political disputes, economic disputes, or physical damage to the energy infrastructure due to terrorism.
