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Séance de cours

Génération biopotentielle: Transmission synaptique

Dans cours

EE-511: Sensors in medical instrumentation

Fundamental principles and methods used for physiological signal conditioning. Electrode, optical, resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric sensor techniques used to detect and convert physiological information to electrical signals. Medical dev ...

Description

Cette séance de cours couvre la génération de biopotentiels et le processus de transmission synaptique, en mettant l'accent sur la structure et la fonction des synapses, la différence entre les synapses électriques et chimiques, la libération des neurotransmetteurs et les effets de la dopamine sur la maladie de Parkinson.

Enseignant·e·s (2)

Kamiar Aminian

Kamiar Aminian received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering in 1982, the Ph.D degree in biomedical engineering in 1989 and the Postgraduate degree on technical computing in 1993 from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). He was assistant professor (1994-1996) with Sharif University of Technology (Tehran). He joint EPFL in 1996 where he is currently Professor of medical instrumentation and the director of the Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement in the Institute of Bioengineering of EPFL. His research interests include methodologies for human movement monitoring and analysis in real world conditions mainly based on wearable technologies and inertial sensors with emphasis on gait, physical activity and sport. His research aims to perform outcome evaluation in orthopaedics, to improve motor function and intervention programs in aging and patients with movement disorders and pain, and to identify metrics of performance in sport science. Kamiar Aminian is a member of the International Society of Posture and Gait Research, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the European Society of Movement Analysis in Adults and Children, the Prevention of fall Network Europe, the Intentional Society of Biomechanics and the President of the 3D analysis of the human movement group. He is author or co-author of more than 450 scientific papers published in reviewed journals and presented at international conferences and holds 10 patents related to medical devices. Full CV ORCID

Anisoara Ionescu

Source officielle

Proximité ontologique

Biologie

Biologie cellulaire: Neurotransmission

Concepts associés (25)

Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.

Synapse

thumb|400px|Synapse entre deux neurones. La synapse (du grec , « contact, point de jonction », dérivé de , « joindre, connecter ») est une zone de contact fonctionnelle qui s'établit entre deux neurones, ou entre un neurone et une autre cellule (cellules musculaires, récepteurs sensoriels...). Elle assure la conversion d'un potentiel d'action déclenché dans le neurone présynaptique en un signal dans la cellule postsynaptique. On estime, pour certains types cellulaires (par exemple cellule pyramidale, cellule de Purkinje.

Electrical synapse

An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each other, a much shorter distance than the 20- to 40-nanometer distance that separates cells at chemical synapse. In many animals, electrical synapse-based systems co-exist with chemical synapses.

Vésicule synaptique

Les vésicules synaptiques sont de petits compartiments des terminaux présynaptiques des neurones, stockant des neurotransmetteurs qui sont susceptibles d'être libérés dans l'espace intersynaptique à la suite de l'arrivée d'un potentiel d'action dépolarisant et l'augmentation des niveaux calciques intracellulaires. Le nombre ou la taille du pool de vésicules synaptiques est variable selon le type de neurones considérés (quelques dizaines pour les petites synapses telles que celles trouvées dans l'hippocampe).

Excitatory synapse

An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.

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Séances de cours associées (32)

Comprendre la transmission synaptique

Explore la transmission synaptique, les neurotransmetteurs et les principes de plasticité neuronale.

Transmission synaptique: Structure et Mécanismes MOOC: Simulation de la neuroscience

Explore la structure et la fonction des synapses, y compris la diversité des neurotransmetteurs et le rôle des récepteurs AMPA et NMDA.

Modélisation du potentiel synaptique MOOC: Simulation de la neuroscience

Explore la modélisation des potentiels synaptiques et les facteurs qui influencent leur amplitude.

Transmission synaptique : Mécanismes cellulaires MOOC: Mécanismes cellulaires des fonctions cérébrales

Explore les neurotransmetteurs, la transmission synaptique rapide, les canaux ioniques et la structure synaptique dans la fonction cérébrale.

Synapses : Dynamique neuronale MOOC: Dynamique neuronale - Neuroscience computationnelle des neurones uniques

Explore le rôle des synapses dans la neuroscience computationnelle et les modèles des synapses excitatrices et inhibitrices.

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Concepts associés (25)