Base de connaissanceUne base de connaissance ou base de connaissances regroupe des connaissances spécifiques à un domaine spécialisé donné, sous une forme exploitable par un ordinateur. Elle peut contenir des règles (dans ce cas, on parle de base de règles), des faits ou d'autres représentations. Si elle contient des règles, un moteur d'inférence peut être utilisé pour déduire de nouveaux faits. Une autre manière de définir une base de connaissance est de dire qu'il s'agit d'une ontologie peuplée par des individus.
Graphe de connaissancesDans le domaine de la représentation des connaissances, un graphe de connaissances (knowledge graph en anglais) est une base de connaissance modélisant les données sous forme de représentation graphique. Depuis le développement du web sémantique, les graphes de connaissances sont souvent associés aux projets de données ouvertes du web des données, visant surtout à connecter les concepts et entités. Ils sont fortement liés aux et utilisés par les moteurs de recherches, dont certains, tels Google, ont développé leur propre graphe de connaissances.
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour", or "Cows say moo", that all humans are expected to know. It is currently an unsolved problem in Artificial General Intelligence. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy. Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning process, to attempt inferences such as "You might bake a cake because you want people to eat the cake.
Knowledge representation and reasoningKnowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR2) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build.
Gestion des connaissancesLa gestion des connaissances (en anglais knowledge management) est une démarche managériale pluridisciplinaire qui regroupe l'ensemble des initiatives, des méthodes et des techniques permettant de percevoir, identifier, analyser, organiser, mémoriser, partager les connaissances des membres d'une organisation – les savoirs créés par l'entreprise elle-même (marketing, recherche et développement) ou acquis de l'extérieur (intelligence économique) – en vue d'atteindre un objectif fixé. Nous sommes submergés d'informations.
Knowledge sharingKnowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, peers, families, communities (for example, Wikipedia), or within or between organizations. It bridges the individual and organizational knowledge, improving the absorptive and innovation capacity and thus leading to sustained competitive advantage of companies as well as individuals. Knowledge sharing is part of the knowledge management process.
VirtualisationLa virtualisation consiste, en informatique, à exécuter sur une machine hôte, dans un environnement isolé, des systèmes d'exploitation — on parle alors de virtualisation système — ou des applications — on parle alors de virtualisation applicative. Ces ordinateurs virtuels sont appelés serveur privé virtuel (Virtual Private Server ou VPS) ou encore environnement virtuel (Virtual Environment ou VE).
Hardware virtualizationHardware virtualization is the virtualization of computers as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their componentry, or only the functionality required to run various operating systems. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting instead an abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software that controlled virtualization was called a "control program", but the terms "hypervisor" or "virtual machine monitor" became preferred over time.
Application virtualizationApplication virtualization is a software technology that encapsulates computer programs from the underlying operating system on which they are executed. A fully virtualized application is not installed in the traditional sense, although it is still executed as if it were. The application behaves at runtime like it is directly interfacing with the original operating system and all the resources managed by it, but can be isolated or sandboxed to varying degrees.
Knowledge-based systemsA knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and refers to many different kinds of systems. The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly and a reasoning system that allows it to derive new knowledge. Thus, a knowledge-based system has two distinguishing features: a knowledge base and an inference engine.
Virtual IronVirtual Iron Software, was located in Lowell, Massachusetts, sold proprietary software for virtualization and management of a virtual infrastructure. Co-founded by Alex Vasilevsky, Virtual Iron figured among the first companies to offer virtualization software to fully support Intel VT-x and AMD-V hardware-assisted virtualization. Oracle Corporation agreed to acquire Virtual Iron Software, Inc., subject to customary closing conditions. Oracle now declines to offer any updates or patches for current customers, even updates and patches developed before the purchase.
