Groupe de MathieuEn mathématiques, les groupes de Mathieu sont cinq groupes simples finis découverts par le mathématicien français Émile Mathieu. Ils sont habituellement perçus comme des groupes de permutations sur n points (où n peut prendre les valeurs 11, 12, 22, 23 ou 24) et sont nommés M. Les groupes de Mathieu ont été les premiers groupes sporadiques découverts. Les groupes M et M sont 5-transitifs, les groupes M et M sont 4-transitifs et M est 3-transitif. Cette transitivité est même stricte pour M et M.
Relation binaireEn mathématiques, une relation binaire entre deux ensembles E et F (ou simplement relation entre E et F) est définie par un sous-ensemble du produit cartésien E × F, soit une collection de couples dont la première composante est dans E et la seconde dans F. Cette collection est désignée par le graphe de la relation. Les composantes d'un couple appartenant au graphe d'une relation R sont dits en relation par R. Une relation binaire est parfois appelée correspondance entre les deux ensembles.
Congruence relationIn abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. Every congruence relation has a corresponding quotient structure, whose elements are the equivalence classes (or congruence classes) for the relation. The prototypical example of a congruence relation is congruence modulo on the set of integers.
Relation inverseIn mathematics, the converse relation, or transpose, of a binary relation is the relation that occurs when the order of the elements is switched in the relation. For example, the converse of the relation 'child of' is the relation 'parent of'. In formal terms, if and are sets and is a relation from to then is the relation defined so that if and only if In set-builder notation, The notation is analogous with that for an inverse function. Although many functions do not have an inverse, every relation does have a unique converse.
Relation d'équivalenceEn mathématiques, une relation d'équivalence permet, dans un ensemble, de mettre en relation des éléments qui sont similaires par une certaine propriété. On pourra ainsi regrouper ces éléments par « paquets » d'éléments qui se ressemblent, définissant ainsi la notion de classe d'équivalence, pour enfin construire de nouveaux ensembles en « assimilant » les éléments similaires à un seul et même élément. On aboutit alors à la notion d'ensemble quotient. vignette|upright=1.5|Sur cet ensemble de huit exemplaires de livres, la relation « .
Homogeneous relationIn mathematics, a homogeneous relation (also called endorelation) on a set X is a binary relation between X and itself, i.e. it is a subset of the Cartesian product X × X. This is commonly phrased as "a relation on X" or "a (binary) relation over X". An example of a homogeneous relation is the relation of kinship, where the relation is between people. Common types of endorelations include orders, graphs, and equivalences. Specialized studies of order theory and graph theory have developed understanding of endorelations.
Total relationIn mathematics, a binary relation R ⊆ X×Y between two sets X and Y is total (or left total) if the source set X equals the domain {x : there is a y with xRy }. Conversely, R is called right total if Y equals the range {y : there is an x with xRy }. When f: X → Y is a function, the domain of f is all of X, hence f is a total relation. On the other hand, if f is a partial function, then the domain may be a proper subset of X, in which case f is not a total relation.
Equivalence classIn mathematics, when the elements of some set have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements and belong to the same equivalence class if, and only if, they are equivalent. Formally, given a set and an equivalence relation on the of an element in denoted by is the set of elements which are equivalent to It may be proven, from the defining properties of equivalence relations, that the equivalence classes form a partition of This partition—the set of equivalence classes—is sometimes called the quotient set or the quotient space of by and is denoted by .
