Système d'équations algébriquesEn mathématiques, un système d'équations algébriques est un ensemble d'équations polynomiales f1 = 0..., fh = 0 où les fi sont des polynômes de plusieurs variables (ou indéterminées), x1..., xn, à coefficients pris dans un corps ou un anneau k. Une « solution » est un ensemble de valeurs à substituer aux indéterminées annulant toutes les équations du système. Généralement les solutions peuvent être cherchées dans une extension du corps k comme la clôture algébrique de ce corps (ou la clôture algébrique du corps des fractions de k celui-ci est un anneau).
Combinaison linéaireEn mathématiques, une combinaison linéaire est une expression construite à partir d'un ensemble de termes en multipliant chaque terme par une constante et en ajoutant le résultat. Par exemple, une combinaison linéaire de x et y serait une expression de la forme ax + by, où a et b sont des constantes. Le concept de combinaison linéaire est central en algèbre linéaire et dans des domaines connexes des mathématiques. La majeure partie de cet article traite des combinaisons linéaires dans le contexte d'espace vectoriel sur un corps commutatif, et indique quelques généralisations à la fin de l'article.
Complete topological vector spaceIn functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a complete topological vector space is a topological vector space (TVS) with the property that whenever points get progressively closer to each other, then there exists some point towards which they all get closer. The notion of "points that get progressively closer" is made rigorous by or , which are generalizations of , while "point towards which they all get closer" means that this Cauchy net or filter converges to The notion of completeness for TVSs uses the theory of uniform spaces as a framework to generalize the notion of completeness for metric spaces.
Numerical linear algebraNumerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Computers use floating-point arithmetic and cannot exactly represent irrational data, so when a computer algorithm is applied to a matrix of data, it can sometimes increase the difference between a number stored in the computer and the true number that it is an approximation of.
Plane of rotationIn geometry, a plane of rotation is an abstract object used to describe or visualize rotations in space. The main use for planes of rotation is in describing more complex rotations in four-dimensional space and higher dimensions, where they can be used to break down the rotations into simpler parts. This can be done using geometric algebra, with the planes of rotations associated with simple bivectors in the algebra.
Leibniz formula for determinantsIn algebra, the Leibniz formula, named in honor of Gottfried Leibniz, expresses the determinant of a square matrix in terms of permutations of the matrix elements. If is an matrix, where is the entry in the -th row and -th column of , the formula is where is the sign function of permutations in the permutation group , which returns and for even and odd permutations, respectively. Another common notation used for the formula is in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol and makes use of the Einstein summation notation, where it becomes which may be more familiar to physicists.
Partie bornée d'un espace vectoriel topologiqueEn analyse fonctionnelle et dans des domaines mathématiques reliés, une partie d'un espace vectoriel topologique est dite bornée (au sens de von Neumann) si tout voisinage du vecteur nul peut être dilaté de manière à contenir cette partie. Ce concept a été introduit par John von Neumann et Andreï Kolmogorov en 1935. Les parties bornées sont un moyen naturel de définir les (localement convexes) sur les deux espaces vectoriels d'une paire duale.
Consistent and inconsistent equationsIn mathematics and particularly in algebra, a system of equations (either linear or nonlinear) is called consistent if there is at least one set of values for the unknowns that satisfies each equation in the system—that is, when substituted into each of the equations, they make each equation hold true as an identity. In contrast, a linear or non linear equation system is called inconsistent if there is no set of values for the unknowns that satisfies all of the equations.
Special linear Lie algebraIn mathematics, the special linear Lie algebra of order n (denoted or ) is the Lie algebra of matrices with trace zero and with the Lie bracket . This algebra is well studied and understood, and is often used as a model for the study of other Lie algebras. The Lie group that it generates is the special linear group. The Lie algebra is central to the study of special relativity, general relativity and supersymmetry: its fundamental representation is the so-called spinor representation, while its adjoint representation generates the Lorentz group SO(3,1) of special relativity.
Linear algebraic groupIn mathematics, a linear algebraic group is a subgroup of the group of invertible matrices (under matrix multiplication) that is defined by polynomial equations. An example is the orthogonal group, defined by the relation where is the transpose of . Many Lie groups can be viewed as linear algebraic groups over the field of real or complex numbers. (For example, every compact Lie group can be regarded as a linear algebraic group over R (necessarily R-anisotropic and reductive), as can many noncompact groups such as the simple Lie group SL(n,R).
Differential-algebraic system of equationsIn electrical engineering, a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAE) is a system of equations that either contains differential equations and algebraic equations, or is equivalent to such a system. In mathematics these are examples of differential algebraic varieties and correspond to ideals in differential polynomial rings (see the article on differential algebra for the algebraic setup).
Transformations de LorentzCet article présente les transformations de Lorentz sous un aspect technique. Le lecteur désireux d'obtenir des informations physiques plus générales à ce sujet pourra se référer à l'article Relativité restreinte. thumb|Hendrik Lorentz en 1916. Les transformations de Lorentz sont des transformations linéaires des coordonnées d'un point de l'espace-temps de Minkowski à quatre dimensions.
