Shortwave radioShortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave (SW) radio frequencies. There is no official definition of the band, but the range always includes all of the high frequency band (HF), which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (100 to 10 metres); above the medium frequency band (MF), to the bottom of the VHF band. Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere.
Potentiel électriqueLe potentiel électrique, exprimé en volts (symbole : V), est l'une des grandeurs définissant l'état électrique d'un point de l'espace. Il correspond à l'énergie potentielle électrostatique que posséderait une charge électrique unitaire située en ce point, c'est-à-dire à l'énergie potentielle (mesurée en joules) d'une particule chargée en ce point divisée par la charge (mesurée en coulombs) de la particule.
Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equationIn electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by nonzero source charges and currents. The source terms in the wave equations make the partial differential equations inhomogeneous, if the source terms are zero the equations reduce to the homogeneous electromagnetic wave equations. The equations follow from Maxwell's equations.
Rayonnement électromagnétiquethumb|Répartition du rayonnement électromagnétique par longueur d'onde. Le rayonnement électromagnétique est une forme de transfert d'énergie linéaire. La lumière visible est un rayonnement électromagnétique, mais ne constitue qu'une petite tranche du large spectre électromagnétique. La propagation de ce rayonnement, d'une ou plusieurs particules, donne lieu à de nombreux phénomènes comme l'atténuation, l'absorption, la diffraction et la réfraction, le décalage vers le rouge, les interférences, les échos, les parasites électromagnétiques et les effets biologiques.
Radio broadcastingRadio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station, while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver (radio). Stations are often affiliated with a radio network that provides content in a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast, or both.
LongwaveIn radio, longwave, long wave or long-wave, and commonly abbreviated LW, refers to parts of the radio spectrum with wavelengths longer than what was originally called the medium-wave broadcasting band. The term is historic, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of longwave (LW), medium-wave (MW), and short-wave (SW) radio bands. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.
Électromagnétismevignette|Globe plasma 60e. Lélectromagnétisme, aussi appelé interaction électromagnétique, est la branche de la physique qui étudie les interactions entre particules chargées électriquement, qu'elles soient au repos ou en mouvement, et plus généralement les effets de l'électricité, en utilisant la notion de champ électromagnétique. Il est d'ailleurs possible de définir l'électromagnétisme comme l'étude du champ électromagnétique et de son interaction avec les particules chargées.
Angular momentum of lightThe angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning, or "twisting) around its own axis. This rotation, while not visible to the naked eye, can be revealed by the interaction of the light beam with matter. There are two distinct forms of rotation of a light beam, one involving its polarization and the other its wavefront shape.
Medium waveMedium wave (MW) is the part of the medium frequency (MF) radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. The spectrum provides about 120 channels with more limited sound quality than FM stations on the FM broadcast band. During the daytime, reception is usually limited to more local stations, though this is dependent on the signal conditions and quality of radio receiver used. Improved signal propagation at night allows the reception of much longer distance signals (within a range of about 2,000 km or 1,200 miles).
Invention of radioThe invention of radio communication was preceded by many decades of establishing theoretical underpinnings, discovery and experimental investigation of radio waves, and engineering and technical developments related to their transmission and detection. These developments allowed Guglielmo Marconi to turn radio waves into a wireless communication system. The idea that the wires needed for electrical telegraph could be eliminated, creating a wireless telegraph, had been around for a while before the establishment of radio-based communication.
Maxwell's equations in curved spacetimeIn physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitrary (not necessarily Cartesian) coordinate system. These equations can be viewed as a generalization of the vacuum Maxwell's equations which are normally formulated in the local coordinates of flat spacetime.
Moment cinétique (mécanique quantique)En mécanique quantique le moment cinétique est défini comme un opérateur vectoriel (noté ) à trois composantes, correspondant chacune aux différentes dimensions de l'espace (opérateurs « scalaires »). Celles-ci obéissent entre elles à certaines relations de commutation. Ainsi, alors qu'en mécanique classique les trois composantes du moment cinétique peuvent être simultanément mesurées, ceci est impossible dans le cadre quantique.
