Affine Lie algebraIn mathematics, an affine Lie algebra is an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra that is constructed in a canonical fashion out of a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra. Given an affine Lie algebra, one can also form the associated affine Kac-Moody algebra, as described below. From a purely mathematical point of view, affine Lie algebras are interesting because their representation theory, like representation theory of finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebras, is much better understood than that of general Kac–Moody algebras.
Groupe de permutationsEn théorie des groupes (mathématiques), un groupe de permutations d'un ensemble X est par définition un sous-groupe du groupe symétrique SX. On parle d'un groupe de permutations de X ou, s'il n'est pas nécessaire de préciser l'ensemble X, d'un groupe de permutations. Pour un ensemble X, nous désignerons ici par SX et nous appellerons groupe symétrique de X l'ensemble des permutations de X, muni de la loi de groupe ∘ définie par f ∘ g : X → X, x ↦ f(g(x)). Cette définition convient à l'étude des actions à gauche d'un groupe sur un ensemble.
Paire de matrices commutantesEn mathématiques, une paire de matrices commutantes est une paire {A, B} de matrices carrées à coefficients dans un corps qui commutent, c'est-à-dire que AB = BA. L'étude des paires de matrices commutantes a des aspects tout à fait élémentaires et d'autres qui font l'objet de recherches en cours. L'énoncé de certains problèmes étudiés est assez élémentaire pour être présenté au niveau de la première année d'études supérieures. En voici un exemple : Une matrice nilpotente est une matrice dont une puissance est nulle.
Semisimple representationIn mathematics, specifically in representation theory, a semisimple representation (also called a completely reducible representation) is a linear representation of a group or an algebra that is a direct sum of simple representations (also called irreducible representations). It is an example of the general mathematical notion of semisimplicity. Many representations that appear in applications of representation theory are semisimple or can be approximated by semisimple representations.
Contraction tensorielleEn algèbre multilinéaire, la contraction est un procédé de calcul sur les tenseurs faisant intervenir la dualité. En coordonnées elle se représente de façon très simple en utilisant les notations d'Einstein et consiste à faire une somme sur un indice muet. Il est possible de contracter un tenseur unique de rang p en un tenseur de rang p-2, par exemple en calculant la trace d'une matrice. Il est possible également de contracter deux tenseurs, ce qui généralise la notion de produit matriciel.
Tenseur (mathématiques)Les tenseurs sont des objets mathématiques issus de l'algèbre multilinéaire permettant de généraliser les scalaires et les vecteurs. On les rencontre notamment en analyse vectorielle et en géométrie différentielle fréquemment utilisés au sein de champs de tenseurs. Ils sont aussi utilisés en mécanique des milieux continus. Le présent article ne se consacre qu'aux tenseurs dans des espaces vectoriels de dimension finie, bien que des généralisations en dimension infinie et même pour des modules existent.
Non-associative algebraA non-associative algebra (or distributive algebra) is an algebra over a field where the binary multiplication operation is not assumed to be associative. That is, an algebraic structure A is a non-associative algebra over a field K if it is a vector space over K and is equipped with a K-bilinear binary multiplication operation A × A → A which may or may not be associative. Examples include Lie algebras, Jordan algebras, the octonions, and three-dimensional Euclidean space equipped with the cross product operation.
Structure constantsIn mathematics, the structure constants or structure coefficients of an algebra over a field are the coefficients of the basis expansion (into linear combination of basis vectors) of the products of basis vectors. Because the product operation in the algebra is bilinear, by linearity knowing the product of basis vectors allows to compute the product of any elements (just like a matrix allows to compute the action of the linear operator on any vector by providing the action of the operator on basis vectors).
Semi-simplicityIn mathematics, semi-simplicity is a widespread concept in disciplines such as linear algebra, abstract algebra, representation theory, , and algebraic geometry. A semi-simple object is one that can be decomposed into a sum of simple objects, and simple objects are those that do not contain non-trivial proper sub-objects. The precise definitions of these words depends on the context. For example, if G is a finite group, then a nontrivial finite-dimensional representation V over a field is said to be simple if the only subrepresentations it contains are either {0} or V (these are also called irreducible representations).
Free Lie algebraIn mathematics, a free Lie algebra over a field K is a Lie algebra generated by a set X, without any imposed relations other than the defining relations of alternating K-bilinearity and the Jacobi identity. The definition of the free Lie algebra generated by a set X is as follows: Let X be a set and a morphism of sets (function) from X into a Lie algebra L. The Lie algebra L is called free on X if is the universal morphism; that is, if for any Lie algebra A with a morphism of sets , there is a unique Lie algebra morphism such that .
OrthonormalityIn linear algebra, two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if they are orthogonal (or perpendicular along a line) unit vectors. A set of vectors form an orthonormal set if all vectors in the set are mutually orthogonal and all of unit length. An orthonormal set which forms a basis is called an orthonormal basis. The construction of orthogonality of vectors is motivated by a desire to extend the intuitive notion of perpendicular vectors to higher-dimensional spaces.
Groupe quantiqueIn mathematics and theoretical physics, the term quantum group denotes one of a few different kinds of noncommutative algebras with additional structure. These include Drinfeld–Jimbo type quantum groups (which are quasitriangular Hopf algebras), compact matrix quantum groups (which are structures on unital separable C*-algebras), and bicrossproduct quantum groups. Despite their name, they do not themselves have a natural group structure, though they are in some sense 'close' to a group.
