Transformation de Fourierthumb|Portrait de Joseph Fourier. En mathématiques, plus précisément en analyse, la transformation de Fourier est une extension, pour les fonctions non périodiques, du développement en série de Fourier des fonctions périodiques. La transformation de Fourier associe à toute fonction intégrable définie sur R et à valeurs réelles ou complexes, une autre fonction sur R appelée transformée de Fourier dont la variable indépendante peut s'interpréter en physique comme la fréquence ou la pulsation.
Linear circuitA linear circuit is an electronic circuit which obeys the superposition principle. This means that the output of the circuit F(x) when a linear combination of signals ax1(t) + bx2(t) is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x1(t) and x2(t) applied separately: It is called a linear circuit because the output voltage and current of such a circuit are linear functions of its input voltage and current. This kind of linearity is not the same as that of straight-line graphs.
Impédance (électricité)L'impédance électrique mesure l'opposition d'un circuit électrique au passage d'un courant alternatif sinusoïdal. La définition de l'impédance est une généralisation de la loi d'Ohm au courant alternatif. On passe de à , mais avec et de formes sinusoïdales. Le mot impédance fut inventé par Oliver Heaviside en . Il vient du verbe anglais en signifiant « retenir », « faire obstacle à » ; verbe qui dérive lui-même du latin impedire qui veut dire « entraver ».
Network analysis (electrical circuits)In electrical engineering and electronics, a network is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, all network components. There are many techniques for calculating these values; however, for the most part, the techniques assume linear components. Except where stated, the methods described in this article are applicable only to linear network analysis.
Input impedanceThe input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into a load network that is external to the electrical source network. The input admittance (the reciprocal of impedance) is a measure of the load network's propensity to draw current. The source network is the portion of the network that transmits power, and the load network is the portion of the network that consumes power.
Transformation de Fourier discrèteEn mathématiques, la transformation de Fourier discrète (TFD) sert à traiter un signal numérique. Elle constitue un équivalent discret (c'est-à-dire pour un signal défini à partir d'un nombre fini d'échantillons) de la transformation de Fourier (continue) utilisée pour traiter un signal analogique. Plus précisément, la TFD est la représentation spectrale discrète dans le domaine des fréquences d'un signal échantillonné. La transformation de Fourier rapide est un algorithme particulier de calcul de la transformation de Fourier discrète.
Output impedanceThe output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that consumes.
Equivalent circuitIn electrical engineering, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of the original circuit as well.
Discrete-time Fourier transformIn mathematics, the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), also called the finite Fourier transform, is a form of Fourier analysis that is applicable to a sequence of values. The DTFT is often used to analyze samples of a continuous function. The term discrete-time refers to the fact that the transform operates on discrete data, often samples whose interval has units of time. From uniformly spaced samples it produces a function of frequency that is a periodic summation of the continuous Fourier transform of the original continuous function.
Lois de Kirchhoffthumb|upright=.5|Portrait de Gustav Kirchhoff, qui a établi les lois portant son nom en 1845. Les lois de Kirchhoff expriment la conservation de l'énergie et de la charge dans un circuit électrique. Elles portent le nom du physicien allemand qui les a établies en 1845 : Gustav Kirchhoff. Dans un circuit complexe, il est possible de calculer les différences de potentiel aux bornes de chaque résistance et l'intensité du courant continu dans chaque branche de circuit en appliquant les deux lois de Kirchhoff : la loi des nœuds et la loi des mailles.
Fractional Fourier transformIn mathematics, in the area of harmonic analysis, the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is a family of linear transformations generalizing the Fourier transform. It can be thought of as the Fourier transform to the n-th power, where n need not be an integer — thus, it can transform a function to any intermediate domain between time and frequency. Its applications range from filter design and signal analysis to phase retrieval and pattern recognition.
Time–frequency analysisIn signal processing, time–frequency analysis comprises those techniques that study a signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously, using various time–frequency representations. Rather than viewing a 1-dimensional signal (a function, real or complex-valued, whose domain is the real line) and some transform (another function whose domain is the real line, obtained from the original via some transform), time–frequency analysis studies a two-dimensional signal – a function whose domain is the two-dimensional real plane, obtained from the signal via a time–frequency transform.
Non-uniform discrete Fourier transformIn applied mathematics, the nonuniform discrete Fourier transform (NUDFT or NDFT) of a signal is a type of Fourier transform, related to a discrete Fourier transform or discrete-time Fourier transform, but in which the input signal is not sampled at equally spaced points or frequencies (or both). It is a generalization of the shifted DFT. It has important applications in signal processing, magnetic resonance imaging, and the numerical solution of partial differential equations.
Circuit électriquevignette|Circuit électrique à Calcutta, Inde. Un circuit électrique au sens matériel est un ensemble simple ou complexe de composants électriques ou électroniques, y compris des simples conducteurs, parcourus par un courant électrique. Au sens de la théorie des circuits, un circuit électrique est une abstraction des configurations matérielles, un agencement d'éléments définis par des relations mathématiques, reliés par des conducteurs idéaux. L'étude électrocinétique d'un circuit électrique consiste à déterminer, à chaque endroit, l'intensité du courant et la tension.
Domaine fréquentielLe domaine fréquentiel se rapporte à l'analyse de fonctions mathématiques ou de signaux physiques manifestant une fréquence. Alors qu'un graphe dans le domaine temporel présentera les variations dans l'allure d'un signal au cours du temps, un graphe dans le domaine fréquentiel montrera quelle proportion du signal appartient à telle ou telle bande de fréquence, parmi plusieurs bancs. Une représentation dans le domaine fréquentiel peut également inclure des informations sur le décalage de phase qui doit être appliqué à chaque sinusoïde afin de reconstruire le signal en domaine temporel.
Impedance parametersImpedance parameters or Z-parameters (the elements of an impedance matrix or Z-matrix) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. They are members of a family of similar parameters used in electronic engineering, other examples being: S-parameters, Y-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters.
Traitement analogique du signalLe traitement analogique du signal est un type de traitement du signal effectué sur des signaux analogiques continus par un processus analogique, par opposition au traitement numérique du signal discret où le traitement du signal est effectué par un processus numérique. Le terme analogique indique qu'on représente mathématiquement le signal comme une série de valeurs continues, contrairement au terme numérique, qui indique plutôt qu'on représente le signal par une série de valeurs discrètes.
Time–frequency representationA time–frequency representation (TFR) is a view of a signal (taken to be a function of time) represented over both time and frequency. Time–frequency analysis means analysis into the time–frequency domain provided by a TFR. This is achieved by using a formulation often called "Time–Frequency Distribution", abbreviated as TFD. TFRs are often complex-valued fields over time and frequency, where the modulus of the field represents either amplitude or "energy density" (the concentration of the root mean square over time and frequency), and the argument of the field represents phase.
Analog recordingAnalog recording is a category of techniques used for the recording of analog signals. This enables later playback of the recorded analog audio. Analog audio recording began with mechanical systems such as the phonautograph and phonograph. Later, electronic techniques such as wire and tape recording were developed. Analog recording methods store analog signals directly in or on the media. The signal may be stored as a physical texture on a phonograph record, or a fluctuation in the field strength of a magnetic recording.
Passivity (engineering)Passivity is a property of engineering systems, most commonly encountered in analog electronics and control systems. Typically, analog designers use passivity to refer to incrementally passive components and systems, which are incapable of power gain. In contrast, control systems engineers will use passivity to refer to thermodynamically passive ones, which consume, but do not produce, energy. As such, without context or a qualifier, the term passive is ambiguous.
