Socialist calculation debateThe socialist calculation debate, sometimes known as the economic calculation debate, was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money, financial prices for capital goods and private ownership of the means of production. More specifically, the debate was centered on the application of economic planning for the allocation of the means of production as a substitute for capital markets and whether or not such an arrangement would be superior to capitalism in terms of efficiency and productivity.
Moduli of algebraic curvesIn algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves is a geometric space (typically a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves. It is thus a special case of a moduli space. Depending on the restrictions applied to the classes of algebraic curves considered, the corresponding moduli problem and the moduli space is different. One also distinguishes between fine and coarse moduli spaces for the same moduli problem.
Anneau local régulierEn mathématiques, les anneaux réguliers forment une classe d'anneaux très utile en géométrie algébrique. Ce sont des anneaux qui localement sont les plus proches possibles des anneaux de polynômes sur un corps. Soit un anneau local noethérien d'idéal maximal . Soit son espace tangent de Zariski qui est un espace vectoriel de dimension finie sur le corps résiduel . Cette dimension est minorée par la dimension de Krull de l'anneau . On dit que est régulier s'il y a égalité entre ces deux dimensions : Par le lemme de Nakayama, cela équivaut à dire que est engendré par éléments.
Calculation in kindNOTOC Calculation in kind or calculation in-natura is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy, it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. In an in-kind economy products are produced for their use values (their utility) and accounted in physical terms. By contrast, in money-based economies, commodities are produced for their exchange value and accounted in monetary terms.
Courbe elliptiqueEn mathématiques, une courbe elliptique est un cas particulier de courbe algébrique, munie entre autres propriétés d'une addition géométrique sur ses points. Les courbes elliptiques ont de nombreuses applications dans des domaines très différents des mathématiques : elles interviennent ainsi en mécanique classique dans la description du mouvement des toupies, en théorie des nombres dans la démonstration du dernier théorème de Fermat, en cryptologie dans le problème de la factorisation des entiers ou pour fabriquer des codes performants.
Lie bracket of vector fieldsIn the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two vector fields X and Y on a smooth manifold M a third vector field denoted [X, Y]. Conceptually, the Lie bracket [X, Y] is the derivative of Y along the flow generated by X, and is sometimes denoted ("Lie derivative of Y along X"). This generalizes to the Lie derivative of any tensor field along the flow generated by X.
Fundamental theorem of asset pricingThe fundamental theorems of asset pricing (also: of arbitrage, of finance), in both financial economics and mathematical finance, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a market to be arbitrage-free, and for a market to be complete. An arbitrage opportunity is a way of making money with no initial investment without any possibility of loss. Though arbitrage opportunities do exist briefly in real life, it has been said that any sensible market model must avoid this type of profit.
Economic calculation problemThe economic calculation problem (sometimes abbreviated ECP) is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by Friedrich Hayek. In his first article, Mises described the nature of the price system under capitalism and described how individual subjective values (while criticizing other theories of value) are translated into the objective information necessary for rational allocation of resources in society.
Anneau intègreUn anneau intègre ou anneau d'intégrité est un anneau commutatif unitaire différent de l'anneau nul et qui ne possède aucun diviseur de zéro. Un anneau commutatif unitaire est dit intègre s'il est différent de l'anneau nul (autrement dit : si 1 ≠ 0) et sans diviseur de zéro, c’est-à-dire : En pratique, travailler dans un anneau intègre permet de résoudre des équations produit-nul.
Hypothèse des marchés financiers efficientsL’hypothèse des marchés financiers efficients est une hypothèse utilisée en économie selon laquelle les marchés financiers sont efficients, c'est-à-dire que les prix des actifs reflètent toute l'information disponible au sujet du prix. Si les marchés sont efficients, alors il est impossible de faire mieux que le marché. Les marchés financiers ont fait l'objet d'études académiques visant à déterminer leur caractère efficient ou non.
Risk-neutral measureIn mathematical finance, a risk-neutral measure (also called an equilibrium measure, or equivalent martingale measure) is a probability measure such that each share price is exactly equal to the discounted expectation of the share price under this measure. This is heavily used in the pricing of financial derivatives due to the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which implies that in a complete market, a derivative's price is the discounted expected value of the future payoff under the unique risk-neutral measure.
