Minimal Supersymmetric Standard ModelThe Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers only "the [minimum] number of new particle states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, so every Standard Model particle has a superpartner yet undiscovered. If discovered, such superparticles could be candidates for dark matter, and could provide evidence for grand unification or the viability of string theory.
SupersymétrieLa supersymétrie (abrégée en SuSy) est une symétrie supposée de la physique des particules qui postule une relation profonde entre les particules de spin demi-entier (les fermions) qui constituent la matière et les particules de spin entier (les bosons) véhiculant les interactions. Dans le cadre de la SuSy, chaque fermion est associé à un « superpartenaire » de spin entier, alors que chaque boson est associé à un « superpartenaire » de spin demi-entier.
Supersymmetry breakingIn particle physics, supersymmetry breaking is the process to obtain a seemingly non-supersymmetric physics from a supersymmetric theory which is a necessary step to reconcile supersymmetry with actual experiments. It is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In supergravity, this results in a slightly modified counterpart of the Higgs mechanism where the gravitinos become massive. Supersymmetry breaking occurs at supersymmetry breaking scale.
R-parityR-parity is a concept in particle physics. In the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, baryon number and lepton number are no longer conserved by all of the renormalizable couplings in the theory. Since baryon number and lepton number conservation have been tested very precisely, these couplings need to be very small in order not to be in conflict with experimental data. R-parity is a symmetry acting on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) fields that forbids these couplings and can be defined as or, equivalently, as where s is spin, B is baryon number, and L is lepton number.
Split supersymmetryIn particle physics, split supersymmetry is a proposal for physics beyond the Standard Model. It was proposed separately in three papers. The first by James Wells in June 2003 in a more modest form that mildly relaxed the assumption about naturalness in the Higgs potential. In May 2004 Nima Arkani-Hamed and Savas Dimopoulos argued that naturalness in the Higgs sector may not be an accurate guide to propose new physics beyond the Standard Model and argued that supersymmetry may be realized in a different fashion that preserved gauge coupling unification and has a dark matter candidate.
Naturalness (physics)In physics, naturalness is the aesthetic property that the dimensionless ratios between free parameters or physical constants appearing in a physical theory should take values "of order 1" and that free parameters are not fine-tuned. That is, a natural theory would have parameter ratios with values like 2.34 rather than 234000 or 0.000234. The requirement that satisfactory theories should be "natural" in this sense is a current of thought initiated around the 1960s in particle physics.
Extended supersymmetryIn theoretical physics, extended supersymmetry is supersymmetry whose infinitesimal generators carry not only a spinor index , but also an additional index where is integer (such as 2 or 4). Extended supersymmetry is also called , supersymmetry, for example. Extended supersymmetry is very important for analysis of mathematical properties of quantum field theory and superstring theory. The more extended supersymmetry is, the more it constrains physical observables and parameters.
Constante de couplageEn physique, une constante de couplage est un nombre caractéristique de l'intensité d'une interaction. En physique classique les constantes de couplage interviennent en mécanique et en électromagnétisme : la constante de couplage de deux circuits linéaires, comme l'inductance mutuelle M d'un transformateur. Voir aussi l'article Couplage de deux oscillateurs électriques ; la constante de couplage de deux systèmes mécaniques, souvent notée k, caractérise leur dépendance l'un à l'autre.
Mine marinevignette|Une mine marine allemande de 1944 conservée au musée de l'Armée. Une mine marine ou mine sous-marine est une charge explosive placée en surface, au milieu de l'eau ou au fond de la mer, qui se déclenche automatiquement lorsqu'un navire de surface ou un sous-marin passe à proximité (et a fortiori au contact). La mine marine flottante moderne est une invention du physicien russe d'origine prussienne Moritz von Jacobi en 1853, dont le premier usage se fera en Mer Baltique en 1854, pour défendre Kronstadt, mais le concept pourrait remonter au , en Chine.
Mine terrestreUne mine terrestre est une charge explosive conçue et placée de façon à être déclenchée, par l'action involontaire de l'ennemi, au passage de personnes (mine antipersonnel) ou de véhicules (mine antichar ou mine antivéhicule). vignette|redresse|En exercice, démineur de la compagnie de génie de la de Légion étrangère à Djibouti en 2005 vignette|Mines antipersonnel conçues par la société italienne Valsella Meccanotecnica. Celle du centre est une Valmara 69, celle à gauche un VS-50.
Supersymmetric quantum mechanicsIn theoretical physics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics is an area of research where supersymmetry are applied to the simpler setting of plain quantum mechanics, rather than quantum field theory. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics has found applications outside of high-energy physics, such as providing new methods to solve quantum mechanical problems, providing useful extensions to the WKB approximation, and statistical mechanics.
