Experiential learningExperiential learning (ExL) is the process of learning through experience, and is more narrowly defined as "learning through reflection on doing". Hands-on learning can be a form of experiential learning, but does not necessarily involve students reflecting on their product. Experiential learning is distinct from rote or didactic learning, in which the learner plays a comparatively passive role. It is related to, but not synonymous with, other forms of active learning such as action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning, cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
Universal setIn set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, it can be proven in multiple ways that a universal set does not exist. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set. Many set theories do not allow for the existence of a universal set. There are several different arguments for its non-existence, based on different choices of axioms for set theory. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the axiom of regularity and axiom of pairing prevent any set from containing itself.
Ensemble flouLa théorie des sous-ensembles flous est une théorie mathématique du domaine de l’algèbre abstraite. Elle a été développée par Lotfi Zadeh en 1965 afin de représenter mathématiquement l'imprécision relative à certaines classes d'objets et sert de fondement à la logique floue. Les sous-ensembles flous (ou parties floues) ont été introduits afin de modéliser la représentation humaine des connaissances, et ainsi améliorer les performances des systèmes de décision qui utilisent cette modélisation.
Set-builder notationIn set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements, or stating the properties that its members must satisfy. Defining sets by properties is also known as set comprehension, set abstraction or as defining a set's intension. Set (mathematics)#Roster notation A set can be described directly by enumerating all of its elements between curly brackets, as in the following two examples: is the set containing the four numbers 3, 7, 15, and 31, and nothing else.
ÉtudiantUn étudiant ou une étudiante est un mot dérivé du latin studere qui signifie « s'appliquer à apprendre quelque chose ». Cependant, le terme ne s'applique pas à toute personne qui apprend. On le réserve généralement aux personnes intégrées dans un parcours scolaire ou universitaire. Dans la plupart des pays francophones, l'usage du mot « étudiant » est encore plus restreint. Le plus couramment, il désigne les personnes engagées dans un cursus d'enseignement supérieur.
EnseignantUn enseignant est une personne chargée de transmettre des connaissances ou méthodes de raisonnement à autrui dans le cadre d'une formation générale ou d'une formation spécifique à une matière, un domaine ou une discipline scolaire. Le terme « enseignant » désigne la personne qui enseigne aux élèves (en primaire et secondaire). Dans certains contextes, les enseignants peuvent également être appelés « professeurs ». En France, le corps des professeurs des écoles a remplacé celui des instituteurs dans le primaire.
Organisation de représentation étudianteLes organisations de représentation étudiante sont des associations étudiantes qui ont pour but de défendre les intérêts des étudiants et d'exprimer leurs opinions sur la gestion universitaire en général, que ce soit les infrastructures (restauration universitaire, logements étudiants), la stratégie (recherche scientifique) ou la conduite politique (discrimination). Elles sont présentes au niveau intra-universitaire (facultés et université), régional, national et international. Leur structure est en général associative.
Teacher educationTeacher education or teacher training refers to programs, policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip (prospective) teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, approaches, methodologies and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community. The professionals who engage in training the prospective teachers are called teacher educators (or, in some contexts, teacher trainers). There is a longstanding and ongoing debate about the most appropriate term to describe these activities.
Student teacherA student teacher or prac teacher (practice teacher) is a college, university or graduate student who is teaching under the supervision of a certified teacher in order to qualify for a degree in education. The term is also often used interchangeably with pre-service teacher. It is a much broader term to include those students that are studying the required coursework in pedagogy, as well as their specialty, but have not entered the supervised teaching portion of their training.
Certified teacherA certified teacher is an educator who has earned credentials from an authoritative source, such as the government, a higher education institution or a private body or source. This teacher qualification gives a teacher authorization to teach and grade in pre-schools, primary or secondary education in countries, schools, content areas or curricula where authorization is required. While many authorizing entities require student teaching experience before earning teacher certification, routes vary from country to country.
OrganisationUne organisation est en sciences sociales un groupe social formé d'individus en interaction, ayant un but collectif, mais dont les préférences, les informations, les intérêts et les connaissances peuvent diverger : une entreprise, une administration publique, un syndicat, un parti politique, une association, etc. L'organisation de quelque chose désigne l'action d'organiser (structurer, délimiter, agencer, répartir ou articuler). En ce sens, il s'agit d'un processus social.
Organisation horizontaleA flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or flat hierarchy) is an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organizational structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, and also to the nature of the relationships among those units and positions. Tall and flat organizations differ based on how many levels of management are present in the organization and how much control managers are endowed with.
