Relative homologyIn algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the (singular) homology of a topological space relative to a subspace is a construction in singular homology, for pairs of spaces. The relative homology is useful and important in several ways. Intuitively, it helps determine what part of an absolute homology group comes from which subspace. Given a subspace , one may form the short exact sequence where denotes the singular chains on the space X. The boundary map on descends to and therefore induces a boundary map on the quotient.
Complete topological vector spaceIn functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a complete topological vector space is a topological vector space (TVS) with the property that whenever points get progressively closer to each other, then there exists some point towards which they all get closer. The notion of "points that get progressively closer" is made rigorous by or , which are generalizations of , while "point towards which they all get closer" means that this Cauchy net or filter converges to The notion of completeness for TVSs uses the theory of uniform spaces as a framework to generalize the notion of completeness for metric spaces.
General topologyIn mathematics, general topology (or point set topology) is the branch of topology that deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geometric topology, and algebraic topology. The fundamental concepts in point-set topology are continuity, compactness, and connectedness: Continuous functions, intuitively, take nearby points to nearby points.
Sphère d'homologieEn topologie algébrique, une sphère d'homologie (ou encore, sphère d'homologie entière) est une variété X de dimension n ≥ 1 qui a les mêmes groupes d'homologie que la n-sphère standard S, à savoir : H0(X,Z) = Z = Hn(X,Z) et Hi(X,Z) = {0} pour tout autre entier i. Une telle variété X est donc connexe, fermée (i.e. compacte et sans bord), orientable, et avec (à part b0 = 1) un seul nombre de Betti non nul : bn. Les sphères d'homologie rationnelle sont définies de façon analogue, avec l'homologie à coefficients rationnels.
Homologie de FloerL'homologie de Floer est une adaptation de l'homologie de Morse en dimension infinie. L'homologie de Floer symplectique (HFS) est une théorie homologique pour une variété symplectique munie d'un symplectomorphisme non-dégénéré. Si le symplectomorphisme est hamiltonien, l'homologie provient de l'étude de la fonctionnelle d'action symplectique sur le revêtement universel de l'espace des lacets de la variété symplectique. L'homologie de Floer symplectique est invariante par isotopie hamiltonienne du symplectomorphisme.
Chiral knotIn the mathematical field of knot theory, a chiral knot is a knot that is not equivalent to its mirror image (when identical while reversed). An oriented knot that is equivalent to its mirror image is an amphicheiral knot, also called an achiral knot. The chirality of a knot is a knot invariant. A knot's chirality can be further classified depending on whether or not it is invertible. There are only five knot symmetry types, indicated by chirality and invertibility: fully chiral, invertible, positively amphicheiral noninvertible, negatively amphicheiral noninvertible, and fully amphicheiral invertible.
Ε-quadratic formIn mathematics, specifically the theory of quadratic forms, an ε-quadratic form is a generalization of quadratic forms to skew-symmetric settings and to *-rings; ε = ±1, accordingly for symmetric or skew-symmetric. They are also called -quadratic forms, particularly in the context of surgery theory. There is the related notion of ε-symmetric forms, which generalizes symmetric forms, skew-symmetric forms (= symplectic forms), Hermitian forms, and skew-Hermitian forms.
Homotopy categoryIn mathematics, the homotopy category is a built from the category of topological spaces which in a sense identifies two spaces that have the same shape. The phrase is in fact used for two different (but related) categories, as discussed below. More generally, instead of starting with the category of topological spaces, one may start with any and define its associated homotopy category, with a construction introduced by Quillen in 1967. In this way, homotopy theory can be applied to many other categories in geometry and algebra.
Knot polynomialIn the mathematical field of knot theory, a knot polynomial is a knot invariant in the form of a polynomial whose coefficients encode some of the properties of a given knot. The first knot polynomial, the Alexander polynomial, was introduced by James Waddell Alexander II in 1923. Other knot polynomials were not found until almost 60 years later. In the 1960s, John Conway came up with a skein relation for a version of the Alexander polynomial, usually referred to as the Alexander–Conway polynomial.
Partie bornée d'un espace vectoriel topologiqueEn analyse fonctionnelle et dans des domaines mathématiques reliés, une partie d'un espace vectoriel topologique est dite bornée (au sens de von Neumann) si tout voisinage du vecteur nul peut être dilaté de manière à contenir cette partie. Ce concept a été introduit par John von Neumann et Andreï Kolmogorov en 1935. Les parties bornées sont un moyen naturel de définir les (localement convexes) sur les deux espaces vectoriels d'une paire duale.
Homotopy fiberIn mathematics, especially homotopy theory, the homotopy fiber (sometimes called the mapping fiber) is part of a construction that associates a fibration to an arbitrary continuous function of topological spaces . It acts as a homotopy theoretic kernel of a mapping of topological spaces due to the fact it yields a long exact sequence of homotopy groupsMoreover, the homotopy fiber can be found in other contexts, such as homological algebra, where the distinguished trianglegives a long exact sequence analogous to the long exact sequence of homotopy groups.
Propriété topologiqueEn topologie et dans les domaines connexes des mathématiques, une propriété topologique (ou invariant topologique) est une propriété sur un espace topologique qui reste invariant sous l'application d'homéomorphismes. C'est-à-dire que chaque fois qu'un espace topologique X possède cette propriété, chaque espace homéomorphe à X possède également cette propriété. De manière informelle, une propriété topologique est une propriété qui peut entièrement être exprimée à l'aide d'ensemble ouverts.
