Simple linear regressionIn statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable. The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.
Regression validationIn statistics, regression validation is the process of deciding whether the numerical results quantifying hypothesized relationships between variables, obtained from regression analysis, are acceptable as descriptions of the data. The validation process can involve analyzing the goodness of fit of the regression, analyzing whether the regression residuals are random, and checking whether the model's predictive performance deteriorates substantially when applied to data that were not used in model estimation.
Residual sum of squaresIn statistics, the residual sum of squares (RSS), also known as the sum of squared residuals (SSR) or the sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE), is the sum of the squares of residuals (deviations predicted from actual empirical values of data). It is a measure of the discrepancy between the data and an estimation model, such as a linear regression. A small RSS indicates a tight fit of the model to the data. It is used as an optimality criterion in parameter selection and model selection.
Statistical model validationIn statistics, model validation is the task of evaluating whether a chosen statistical model is appropriate or not. Oftentimes in statistical inference, inferences from models that appear to fit their data may be flukes, resulting in a misunderstanding by researchers of the actual relevance of their model. To combat this, model validation is used to test whether a statistical model can hold up to permutations in the data.
Bayesian multivariate linear regressionIn statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable. A more general treatment of this approach can be found in the article MMSE estimator. Consider a regression problem where the dependent variable to be predicted is not a single real-valued scalar but an m-length vector of correlated real numbers.
Surapprentissagevignette|300x300px|La ligne verte représente un modèle surappris et la ligne noire représente un modèle régulier. La ligne verte classifie trop parfaitement les données d'entrainement, elle généralise mal et donnera de mauvaises prévisions futures avec de nouvelles données. Le modèle vert est donc finalement moins bon que le noir. En statistique, le surapprentissage, ou sur-ajustement, ou encore surinterprétation (en anglais « overfitting »), est une analyse statistique qui correspond trop précisément à une collection particulière d'un ensemble de données.
Studentized residualIn statistics, a studentized residual is the quotient resulting from the division of a residual by an estimate of its standard deviation. It is a form of a Student's t-statistic, with the estimate of error varying between points. This is an important technique in the detection of outliers. It is among several named in honor of William Sealey Gosset, who wrote under the pseudonym Student. Dividing a statistic by a sample standard deviation is called studentizing, in analogy with standardizing and normalizing.
Elastic net regularizationIn statistics and, in particular, in the fitting of linear or logistic regression models, the elastic net is a regularized regression method that linearly combines the L1 and L2 penalties of the lasso and ridge methods. The elastic net method overcomes the limitations of the LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) method which uses a penalty function based on Use of this penalty function has several limitations. For example, in the "large p, small n" case (high-dimensional data with few examples), the LASSO selects at most n variables before it saturates.
Régularisation (mathématiques)vignette|Les courbes bleues et vertes correspondent à deux modèles differents, tous les deux étant des solutions possibles du problème consistant à décrire les coordonnées de tous les points rouges. L'application d'une régularisation favorise le modèle moins complexe correspondant à la courbe verte. Dans le domaine des mathématiques et des statistiques, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine de l'apprentissage automatique, la régularisation fait référence à un processus consistant à ajouter de l'information à un problème, s'il est mal posé ou pour éviter le surapprentissage.
Pearson correlation coefficientIn statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) is a correlation coefficient that measures linear correlation between two sets of data. It is the ratio between the covariance of two variables and the product of their standard deviations; thus, it is essentially a normalized measurement of the covariance, such that the result always has a value between −1 and 1. As with covariance itself, the measure can only reflect a linear correlation of variables, and ignores many other types of relationships or correlations.
HétéroscédasticitéEn statistique, l'on parle d'hétéroscédasticité lorsque les variances des résidus des variables examinées sont différentes. Le mot provient du grec, composé du préfixe hétéro- (« autre »), et de skedasê (« dissipation»). Une collection de variables aléatoires est hétéroscédastique s'il y a des sous-populations qui ont des variabilités différentes des autres. La notion d'hétéroscédasticité s'oppose à celle d'homoscédasticité. Dans le second cas, la variance de l'erreur des variables est constante i.e. .
Intraclass correlationIn statistics, the intraclass correlation, or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), is a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type of correlation, unlike most other correlation measures, it operates on data structured as groups rather than data structured as paired observations.
