Variable (informatique)En informatique, les variables sont des symboles qui associent un nom (l'identifiant) à une valeur. Dans la plupart des langages et notamment les plus courants, les variables peuvent changer de valeur au cours du temps (dynamique). Dans les langages de certains paradigmes, notamment la programmation fonctionnelle, leur valeur est au contraire figée dans le temps (statique). Contrairement à une variable, une constante est un identificateur associé à une valeur fixe. Syntaxiquement, cet identificateur a tous les aspects d'une variable.
History of PythonPython (programming language) The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL).
File system fragmentationIn computing, file system fragmentation, sometimes called file system aging, is the tendency of a to lay out the contents of non-continuously to allow in-place modification of their contents. It is a special case of data fragmentation. File system fragmentation negatively impacts seek time in spinning storage media, which is known to hinder throughput. Fragmentation can be remedied by re-organizing files and free space back into contiguous areas, a process called defragmentation.
Bayer filterA Bayer filter mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors. Its particular arrangement of color filters is used in most single-chip digital s used in digital cameras, camcorders, and scanners to create a color image. The filter pattern is half green, one quarter red and one quarter blue, hence is also called BGGR, RGBG, GRBG, or RGGB. It is named after its inventor, Bryce Bayer of Eastman Kodak. Bayer is also known for his recursively defined matrix used in ordered dithering.
File formatA file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a . It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free. Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data: PNG files, for example, store bitmapped using lossless data compression. Other file formats, however, are designed for storage of several different types of data: the Ogg format can act as a container for different types of multimedia including any combination of audio and video, with or without text (such as subtitles), and metadata.
DebuggingIn computer programming and software development, debugging is the process of finding and resolving bugs (defects or problems that prevent correct operation) within computer programs, software, or systems. Debugging tactics can involve interactive debugging, control flow analysis, unit testing, integration testing, , monitoring at the application or system level, memory dumps, and profiling. Many programming languages and software development tools also offer programs to aid in debugging, known as debuggers.
Analogue filterAnalogue filters are a basic building block of signal processing much used in electronics. Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to bass, mid-range, and tweeter loudspeakers; the combining and later separation of multiple telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen radio station in a radio receiver and rejection of others.
Variable (mathématiques)Dans les mathématiques supérieures et en logique, une variable est un symbole représentant, a priori, un objet indéterminé. On peut cependant ajouter des conditions sur cet objet, tel que l'ensemble ou la collection le contenant. On peut alors utiliser une variable pour marquer un rôle dans un prédicat, une formule ou un algorithme, ou bien résoudre des équations et d'autres problèmes. Il peut s'agir d'une simple valeur, ou d'un objet mathématique tel qu'un vecteur, une matrice ou même une fonction.
MoisLe mois est une unité de temps utilisée dans les calendriers, correspondant à une division de l'année. Dans les calendriers solaires occidentaux, un mois est défini comme un douzième de l'année, elle-même basée sur l'année tropique, chacun des mois comptant un nombre variable de jours. D'autres types de calendrier utilisent des définitions différentes, comme les calendriers lunaires, basés sur les lunaisons. D'autres découpent le temps de façon arbitraire sans correspondance avec des phénomènes astronomiques comme certains calendriers aztèques.
Clustered file systemA clustered file system is a which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers. There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached storage for each node). Clustered file systems can provide features like location-independent addressing and redundancy which improve reliability or reduce the complexity of the other parts of the cluster. Parallel file systems are a type of clustered file system that spread data across multiple storage nodes, usually for redundancy or performance.
Python syntax and semanticsThe syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some definite differences between the languages. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, and boasts a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.
Programmation logiqueLa programmation logique est une forme de programmation qui définit les applications à l'aide : d'une base de faits : ensemble de faits élémentaires concernant le domaine visé par l'application, d'une base de règles : règles de logique associant des conséquences plus ou moins directes à ces faits, d'un moteur d'inférence (ou démonstrateur de théorème ) : exploite ces faits et ces règles en réaction à une question ou requête. Cette approche se révèle beaucoup plus souple que la définition d'une succession d'instructions que l'ordinateur exécuterait.
