Architecture matériellevignette|Architecture matérielle d'un processeur Intel Core2. vignette|Architecture matérielle d'un Cyclops64 (BlueGene/C). L’architecture matérielle décrit l’agencement interne de composants électroniques ainsi que leurs interactions. Le terme interne employé ici permet de bien faire la différence avec l’architecture (externe) de processeur (ou architecture de jeu d'instruction), qui s'intéresse à la spécification fonctionnelle d'un processeur, du point de vue du programmeur en langage machine.
Instruction cycleThe instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage. In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed before the next one is started.
Unité de contrôleDans un système logique, en particulier dans un processeur, l’unité de contrôle (de commande) commande et contrôle le fonctionnement du système, notamment du chemin de données. Une unité de contrôle est un circuit logique séquentiel qui réalise un automate fini, plus précisément une machine de Moore ou de Mealy, qui génère des signaux de contrôle pour piloter les éléments du chemin de données. Dans un séquenceur câblé, les signaux de contrôle sont produits par un circuit logique ad hoc qui réalise l'automate.
Green threadIn computer programming, a green thread (virtual thread) is a thread that is scheduled by a runtime library or virtual machine (VM) instead of natively by the underlying operating system (OS). Green threads emulate multithreaded environments without relying on any native OS abilities, and they are managed in user space instead of kernel space, enabling them to work in environments that do not have native thread support. Green threads refers to the name of the original thread library for the programming language Java (that was released in version 1.
Fenêtre de registresEn architecture des ordinateurs, les fenêtres de registres constituent une technique pour améliorer la performance des appels de fonctions. Elles ont été utilisées pour la première fois dans les processeurs RISC de Berkeley, qui sont à l'origine des architectures SPARC, AMD 29000 et Intel i960. La plupart des processeurs ont un petit nombre de mémoires très rapides appelées registres. Les processeurs utilisent les registres afin de stocker temporairement des valeurs lors de l'exécution des suites d'instructions.
Execution unitIn computer engineering, an execution unit (E-unit or EU) is a part of the central processing unit (CPU) or graphics processing unit (GPU) that performs the operations and calculations forwarded from the instruction unit. It may have its own internal control sequence unit (not to be confused with the CPU's main control unit), some registers, and other internal units such as an arithmetic logic unit, address generation unit, floating-point unit, load–store unit, branch execution unit or some smaller and more specific components.
Yield (multithreading)In computer science, yield is an action that occurs in a computer program during multithreading, of forcing a processor to relinquish control of the current running thread, and sending it to the end of the running queue, of the same scheduling priority. Different programming languages implement yielding in various ways. pthread_yield() in the language C, a low level implementation, provided by POSIX Threads std::this_thread::yield() in the language C++, introduced in C++11.
Pipeline (computing)In computing, a pipeline, also known as a data pipeline, is a set of data processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. Some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements. Computer-related pipelines include: Instruction pipelines, such as the classic RISC pipeline, which are used in central processing units (CPUs) and other microprocessors to allow overlapping execution of multiple instructions with the same circuitry.
Intel CoreIntel Core is a line of streamlined midrange consumer, workstation and enthusiast computer central processing units (CPUs) marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors at the time of their introduction, moving the Pentium to the entry level. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets. The lineup of Core processors includes the Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7, and Intel Core i9, along with the X-series of Intel Core CPUs.
No instruction set computingNo instruction set computing (NISC) is a computing architecture and compiler technology for designing highly efficient custom processors and hardware accelerators by allowing a compiler to have low-level control of hardware resources. NISC is a statically scheduled horizontal nanocoded architecture (SSHNA). The term "statically scheduled" means that the operation scheduling and Hazard handling are done by a compiler. The term "horizontal nanocoded" means that NISC does not have any predefined instruction set or microcode.
Manycore processorManycore processors are special kinds of multi-core processors designed for a high degree of parallel processing, containing numerous simpler, independent processor cores (from a few tens of cores to thousands or more). Manycore processors are used extensively in embedded computers and high-performance computing. Manycore processors are distinct from multi-core processors in being optimized from the outset for a higher degree of explicit parallelism, and for higher throughput (or lower power consumption) at the expense of latency and lower single-thread performance.
Microprocesseur multi-cœurvignette|Un processeur quad-core AMD Opteron. vignette|L’Intel Core 2 Duo E6300 est un processeur double cœur. Un microprocesseur multi-cœur (multi-core en anglais) est un microprocesseur possédant plusieurs cœurs physiques fonctionnant simultanément. Il se distingue d'architectures plus anciennes (360/91) où un processeur unique commandait plusieurs circuits de calcul simultanés. Un cœur (en anglais, core) est un ensemble de circuits capables d’exécuter des programmes de façon autonome.
