Proof (truth)A proof is sufficient evidence or a sufficient argument for the truth of a proposition. The concept applies in a variety of disciplines, with both the nature of the evidence or justification and the criteria for sufficiency being area-dependent. In the area of oral and written communication such as conversation, dialog, rhetoric, etc., a proof is a persuasive perlocutionary speech act, which demonstrates the truth of a proposition.
Proof by contradictionIn logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally valid. More broadly, proof by contradiction is any form of argument that establishes a statement by arriving at a contradiction, even when the initial assumption is not the negation of the statement to be proved.
Théorème de GreenEn mathématiques, le théorème de Green, ou théorème de Green-Riemann, donne la relation entre une intégrale curviligne le long d'une courbe simple fermée orientée C par morceaux et l'intégrale double sur la région du plan délimitée par cette courbe. Ce théorème, nommé d'après George Green et Bernhard Riemann, est un cas particulier du théorème de Stokes. thumb|upright=0.9|Domaine délimité par une courbe régulière par morceaux. Vu comme cas particulier du théorème de Stokes, le théorème s'écrit sous la forme suivante, en notant ∂D la courbe C et ω la forme différentielle.
Fondements des mathématiquesLes fondements des mathématiques sont les principes de la philosophie des mathématiques sur lesquels est établie cette science. Le logicisme a été prôné notamment par Gottlob Frege et Bertrand Russell. La mathématique pure présente deux caractéristiques : la généralité de son discours et la déductibilité du discours mathématique . En ce que le discours mathématique ne prétend qu’à une vérité formelle, il est possible de réduire les mathématiques à la logique, les lois logiques étant les lois du « vrai ».
Geodesics in general relativityIn general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a "straight line" to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from all external, non-gravitational forces is a particular type of geodesic. In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic. In general relativity, gravity can be regarded as not a force but a consequence of a curved spacetime geometry where the source of curvature is the stress–energy tensor (representing matter, for instance).
Philosophie des mathématiquesLa philosophie des mathématiques est la branche de la philosophie des sciences qui tente de répondre aux interrogations sur les fondements des mathématiques ainsi que sur leur usage. On y croise des questions telles que : « les mathématiques sont-elles nécessaires ? », « pourquoi les mathématiques sont-elles utiles ou efficaces pour décrire la nature ? », « dans quel(s) sens, peut-on dire que les entités mathématiques existent ? » ou « pourquoi et comment peut-on dire qu'une proposition mathématique est vraie ? ».
Geodesics on an ellipsoidThe study of geodesics on an ellipsoid arose in connection with geodesy specifically with the solution of triangulation networks. The figure of the Earth is well approximated by an oblate ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere. A geodesic is the shortest path between two points on a curved surface, analogous to a straight line on a plane surface. The solution of a triangulation network on an ellipsoid is therefore a set of exercises in spheroidal trigonometry .
Raisonnement par disjonction de casProof by exhaustion, also known as proof by cases, proof by case analysis, complete induction or the brute force method, is a method of mathematical proof in which the statement to be proved is split into a finite number of cases or sets of equivalent cases, and where each type of case is checked to see if the proposition in question holds. This is a method of direct proof. A proof by exhaustion typically contains two stages: A proof that the set of cases is exhaustive; i.e.
ThéorèmeEn mathématiques et en logique, un théorème (du grec théorêma, objet digne d'étude) est une assertion qui est démontrée, c'est-à-dire établie comme vraie à partir d'autres assertions déjà démontrées (théorèmes ou autres formes d'assertions) ou des assertions acceptées comme vraies, appelées axiomes. Un théorème se démontre dans un système déductif et est une conséquence logique d'un système d'axiomes. En ce sens, il se distingue d'une loi scientifique, obtenue par l'expérimentation.
Differentiable curveDifferential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus. Many specific curves have been thoroughly investigated using the synthetic approach. Differential geometry takes another path: curves are represented in a parametrized form, and their geometric properties and various quantities associated with them, such as the curvature and the arc length, are expressed via derivatives and integrals using vector calculus.
Proof calculusIn mathematical logic, a proof calculus or a proof system is built to prove statements. A proof system includes the components: Language: The set L of formulas admitted by the system, for example, propositional logic or first-order logic. Rules of inference: List of rules that can be employed to prove theorems from axioms and theorems. Axioms: Formulas in L assumed to be valid. All theorems are derived from axioms. Usually a given proof calculus encompasses more than a single particular formal system, since many proof calculi are under-determined and can be used for radically different logics.
Program analysisIn computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness. Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the program’s performance while reducing the resource usage while the latter focuses on ensuring that the program does what it is supposed to do.
