Development of a continuously operated reactor for the limited hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin

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The performance of a tokamak strongly depends on the turbulent dynamics in the plasma boundary region, which separates the core plasma from the vessel's plasma facing components. In fact, the boundary region regulates the refueling of the main plasma as well as its impurity contamination, while simultaneously determining the peak particle and heat fluxes impinging on material surfaces. Improving the understanding of the boundary region is therefore of critical interest to interpret existing experiments and

Advanced tokamak regimes, featuring extended regions of low magnetic shear, are promising candidates for future fusion reactors but are also more prone to specific kinds of MHD instabilities. The proximity to a rational surface in a very low shear region weakens field line bending stabilisation and amplifies the effects of toroidal coupling between modes, leading to the emergence of long-wavelength resistive infernal modes. These modes can grow collectively as a discrete spectrum, leading to a cascade of di

The operation of methanation units, whether standalone or integrated with low or high temperature electrolysis, relies on the objective function to be maximized. In the cases of standalone operation or low temperature water electrolysis integration, the objective function is typically the higher heating value (HHV) based efficiency. The co-generation efficiency which includes the steam produced from the reaction's heat should be optimized for applications such as the coupling with steam electrolysis: solid-

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are phototrophic organisms that have raised interest for both industrial and domestic wastewater treatment and valorization because of their very high assimilation (~1 g CODX g-1 COD substrate) and valuable compounds production (i.e hydrogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pigments). PNSB have been studied mostly in pure- or co-cultures with fermentative bacteria. Mixed cultures have been little described. This work aims to enrich a stable association of fermenters and PNSB on a ca

The general topic of this research project is the modelling of wastewater treatment processes for anaerobic digestion effluents, which are characterized by high nitrogen concentrations. In order to avoid eutrophication of lakes and rivers caused by nutrient enrichment as it happened in Switzerland a few decades ago, the implementation of efficient nitrogen removal processes for those effluents remains nowadays of importance. Moreover nitrogen removal will even become a pre-requisite for efficient micropollu

Though microreactors provide high heat transfer rates, temperature profiles are formed in case of fast and highly exothermic reactions. A method based on non-intrusive infrared thermometry has been developed to track these profiles quantitatively with a resolution of 250 data points/cm(2) and a precision of 1 degrees C. By placing the microreactor at a pressure of 10(-2) mbar, convective heat losses are efficiently suppressed which assures well defined boundaries and reproducible results. The temperature pr

Aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology constitutes an attractive solution for the simultaneous removal of biodegradable carbonaceous (C), phosphorous (P) and nitrogenous (N) loads from food-industrial and municipal wastewaters. Besides reactor design and operational parameters, the overall treatment performance is linked to the biofilm properties, and to the dynamics and metabolic activities of microbial communities interacting within the biofilm. The influence of two different ac

A novel concept of a recycle loop reactor is developed with structured filamentous catalysts integrated as trays in a staged bubble column. The reactor can be operated in batch or continuous mode. Woven fabrics of activated carbon fibers (ACF) were used as support for the Pd catalyst. The loop reactor was tested in the 2-butyne-1,4-diol hydrogenation showing selectivity up to 97% towards 2-butene-1,4-diol at conversions up to 80%. The reactor behavior was described quant. assuming an ideally mixed reactor a

For many years various countries with access to commercial reprocessing services have been routinely recycling plutonium as UO2/PuO 2 mixed oxide (MOX) fuel in light water reactors (LWRs). This LWR MOX recycle strategy is still widely regarded as an interim step leading to the eventual establishment of sustainable fast reactor fuel cycles. The OECD/NEA Working Party on the Physics of Plutonium Fuels and Innovative Fuel Cycles (WPPR) has recently completed a review of the technical options for plutonium mana

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are the reference structural materials for future fusion reactors. They have proven to be a good alternative to austenitic steels for their higher swelling resistance, lower damage accumulation and improved thermal properties. However, irradiated RAFM steels exhibit a low temperature hardening and an increase in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, which imposes a severe restriction on reactor applications at temperatures below about 350degrees

This paper considers the minimization of batch time for an industrial inverse-emulsion polymerization reactor in the presence of uncertainty. A first optimization study resulted in the current industrial practice of a semi-adiabatic profile (isothermal operation followed by an adiabatic one), where the switching time between the two modes of operation is updated to meet the terminal constraint on reactor temperature, as well as a constraint on residual raw material levels. However, such a procedure requires

The Buss-Kneader has proven to be a suitable reactor for the polymerization of acrylates. In this second part, the polymerization of methyl methacrylate and the ter- polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate and n-butylmethacrylate is carried out in a pilot Buss-Kneader. The reactor had to be pressurized up to about 10 bars to avoid evaporation of MMA. Instabilities in output rate and temperature profiles were observed as a result of fluctuating the pressures. Because of good mi

A review. Scale-up and/or scale-down procedures are crucial during the development of chem. processes. These procedures should be integrated to form a multidisciplinary approach encompassing several branches of science and engineering. The challenge is to find a balance between chem., design, environment, hygiene and safety (EHS) compliance and economic factors. The iterative process of scale-up procedures also requires concept discrimination at early stages of process development. Scale-up studies should p

A microchannel reactor specially designed for periodic operation and a process to deposit a catalyst, g-alumina, inside the reactor channels were developed. The hydrodynamics of the reactor was characterised. Although the flow in the microchannels is laminar, a uniform radial concentration profile and consequently a narrow residence time distribution were obtained. Depending on the manufacturing method the Bodenstein number was found to be Bo=ud/Dm=~70. The catalytic coating had no influence on this distrib

A numerical benchmark exercise has been under way for comparing the results of different calculational methods/data sets used for the analysis of light water reactor (LWR) configurations employing Pu inert matrix fuels (IMFs). The first phase of the exercise was devoted to infinite arrays of identical IMF cells. The main feature investigated in the second phase has been the influence of the neutron spectra in UO2 and MOX cores on individual IMF cells. Phase 3 is concerned with the more realistic situation o

The oscillatory behavior during CO oxidn. over Pd supported on glass fibers was studied in a recycle reactor. The properties of oscillations as a function of temp. and inlet CO concn. were investigated in detail. The peculiarity of the obsd. oscillations is their long period up to 6 h. Math. model considering oxidn.-redn. processes of the Pd was developed to describe the exptl. results. The model accounts for the obsd. reaction rate dependence on the CO inlet concn., the region of oscillations and the depen

Pd and Pt supported on glass fiber materials with developed porosity and high sp. surface areas were studied in total propane oxidn. The reaction was carried out in recycling reactor and the kinetic parameters were detd. under different reaction conditions in the temp. range 200-500 DegC. Pt catalysts were seen to be more active than Pd for the same metal loading on identical support. Catalytic activity was seen to depend on support compn. The highest activity was obsd. on Pt supported on glass fiber modifi

An anti-Rhesus D antibody was produced in various cell-lines and cell-types which were either stable or transient transfected and grown under varying culture conditions. Glycosylation anal. of the IgG1 was carried out mainly by HPAEC methods. The antibody was N-glycosylated only at the conserved glycosylation site at Asn-297 carrying complex type N-glycans as usually present on IgG. The core structure was entirely fucosylated and did not carry intersecting G1cNAc for all antibodies analyzed. Prodn. in SP2/0

This work deals with the modelling of electrochemical reactors with bipolar electrodes. We give a numerical model which enables us to compute electrical current and potential distributions in an electrochemical cell of any type of geometry in two and three dimensions, including electrodes at an unknown floating potential. We first present electrochemical reactors and particularly insist on kinetics and thermodynamics phenomena responsible on potential discontinuities at electrodes-electrolyte interfaces. Se

The use of ZrO2 membrane on counter electrodes (e.g. Zr) is proposed for controlling the mass transfer rates to the electrode and therefore the extent of possible loss reactions. A comparative study was undertaken to examine the influence of the prepn. technique of the Zr/ZrO2 electrode on its electrochem. properties using the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) redox couple as test reaction. The obtained results showed that the rate of Ce(IV) redn. is strongly decreased on Zr/ZrO2 cathodes, prepd. by the thermal oxidn. of meta

Development of a continuously operated reactor for the limited hydrolysis of whey protein by trypsin

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Simulation of plasma turbulence in the boundary of magnetic fusion devices with a realistic wall geometry

The Properties of Resistive Mhd Modes and Unstable Spectra in Advanced Tokamak Regimes

Identification of key control variables for a methanation unit through system analysis using experimental results

Wastewater and green waste biorefinery Degradation of simple sugars using mixed cultures of purple non-sulfur bacteria: an insight into microbial interactions

Wastewater treatment processes modelling for anaerobic digestion effluents

Infrared imaging of temperature profiles in microreactors for fast and exothermic reactions

THE CHOICE OF INOCULUM IS KEY FOR THE FORMATION OF DENSE FAST-SETTLING AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE

Loop reactor staged with structured fibrous catalytic layers for liquid-phase hydrogenations

Plutonium management in the medium term

On the potentiality of using ferritic/martensitic steels as structural materials for fusion reactors

Trajectory Following for the Optimization of a Batch Polymerization Reactor

Modeling of a Buss-Kneader as a polymerization reactor for acrylates. Part II: Methyl methacrylate based resins

Scale-up of polymerization processes

Microchannel reactors for fast periodic operation: the catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropanol

Numerical neutronics benchmark study for inert matrix plutonium fuels in uranium dioxide and mixed plutonium-uranium dioxide environments

Oscillatory behavior during CO oxidation over Pd supported on glass fibers: experimental study and mathematical modeling

Pt and Pd supported on glass fibers as effective combustion catalysts

The effect of cell line, transfection procedure and reactor conditions on the glycosylation of recombinant human anti-rhesus D IGG1

Numerical modelling of potential and current distributions in a bipolar electrolytic cell

Use of Zr/ZrO2 as a counter electrode for the minimization of loss reactions in single-compartment electrolysis cells