Publication

Protocol to quantify glioblastoma cell invasion and nuclear deformations in 3D hydrogels

2026

Abstract

Here, we present a protocol to quantify 3D invasion and nuclear deformation from time-lapse imaging of U251 glioblastoma spheroids embedded in Matrigel. We describe steps for computing a time-resolved radial invasion index through epifluorescence imaging and extracting per-nucleus deformation from 3D+time data using spinning-disk confocal microscopy with an optical flow-based pipeline. This adaptable protocol links nuclear mechanics to invasion. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to van Bodegraven et al. 1

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2026

Abstract

Official source

Related concepts (26)

Nuclear force

The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction, residual strong force, or, historically, strong nuclear force) is a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms. Neutrons and protons, both nucleons, are affected by the nuclear force almost identically. Since protons have charge +1 e, they experience an electric force that tends to push them apart, but at short range the attractive nuclear force is strong enough to overcome the electromagnetic force. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei.

Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. It is usually about 10–50 nm wide. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Atomic nucleus

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg. An atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus, with a cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounding it, bound together by electrostatic force.

Related publications (1)

Protocol to quantify glioblastoma cell invasion and nuclear deformations in 3D hydrogels

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Intensity-Based Point-Spread-Function-Aware Registration for Multi-View Applications in Optical Microscopy