Topics in architectural styles

An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely to a wider contemporary artistic style. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified within a chronology of styles which changes over time, reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible. Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society. They are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as postmodern architecture (meaning "after modernism"), which in 21st century has found its own language and split into a number of styles which have acquired other names. Architectural styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance, Renaissance ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. An architectural style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the Spanish missions in California, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in a unique style. After an architectural style has gone out of fashion, revivals and re-interpretations may occur. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different.

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Related exercises (6)

Magnetic field produces by a concave wire

We use the law of Biot-Savat:

{\bf B}=\frac{\mu_{o}I}{4\pi}\int\frac{{\bf dl}\times{\bf \hat{r}}}{r^{2}}~.

because

{\bf dl}

is parallel to

{\bf r}

along the two paths AA′ and CC′, these contributions are equal to zero, because

{\bf dl} \times\ {\bf \hat{r}}=0

. In any point along the circle arc AC,

d{\bf l}

is perpendicular to

{\bf \hat{r}}

; consequently:

{\bf dl} \times {\bf \hat{r}}= -ds ~{\bf \hat{z}}~,

so:

Car in a bend

A sports car is driving around a circular track of radius R with a horizontal velocity of constant norm v. The track is on an incline with angle α from the the horizontal, such that the car is tilted inwards. The static friction coefficient between the tires and the track is μ.

Draw a diagram, considering the vertical plane perpendicular to the car’s velocity and represent all forces acting on the car.
What’s the condition on v for the car not to drift outwards ?

Numerical application: $g=10\

Oscillator on an inclined plane

A material point of mass m is required to move along a line with an angle of inclination α with respect to a horizontal line. There is no friction. The point mass is attached to a spring of natural length l₀ and of constant k.

Give explicit expressions for the forces.
Determine the equation of motion.
What is the oscillation period ?

Frame, coordinates and system: We take the inclined plane as frame of reference and choose the coordinate e_(x) parallel to the inclined plane oriented towards

Ampere and Biot-Savart laws

In the plane yz a infinite conducting plate carries a surface current density that is uniform

{\bf K}=K\,{\bf \hat{z}}

. Calculate the magnetic field produced by this current in a point P(x,0,0) of the x axis, by using : a) The Ampere law; b) the Biot-Savart law. a) By symmetry, we have:

{\bf B}(x,0,0)=B_{y}(x)\, {\bf \hat{y}}

. Indeed, the Biot-Savart law shows that

{\bf B}

is perpendicular to K. Moreover, B_(x)u2004=u20040, because the inversion of the current direction (or if we turned with 180 degr

The ladder

A ladder with mass m and length L is resting on a vertical wall. The angle between the wall and the ladder is α and the friction coefficient between the ladder’s foot and the floor isxa0μ. There is no friction between the wall and the ladder. What’s the maximal value

\alpha_{\rm max}

angle α can take such that the ladder’s bottom doesn’t slip on the floor and fall? We consider the ladder as the system, seen from the referential of the floor and the wall. We choose a Cartesian reference frame with a horiz