Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Poisson samplingIn survey methodology, Poisson sampling (sometimes denoted as PO sampling) is a sampling process where each element of the population is subjected to an independent Bernoulli trial which determines whether the element becomes part of the sample. Each element of the population may have a different probability of being included in the sample (). The probability of being included in a sample during the drawing of a single sample is denoted as the first-order inclusion probability of that element ().
Microscope à effet tunnelthumb|Atomes de silicium à la surface d'un cristal de carbure de silicium (SiC). Image obtenue à l'aide d'un STM. Le microscope à effet tunnel (en anglais, scanning tunneling microscope, STM) est inventé en 1981 par des chercheurs d'IBM, Gerd Binnig et Heinrich Rohrer, qui reçurent le prix Nobel de physique pour cette invention en 1986. C'est un microscope en champ proche qui utilise un phénomène quantique, l'effet tunnel, pour déterminer la morphologie et la densité d'états électroniques de surfaces conductrices ou semi-conductrices avec une résolution spatiale pouvant être égale ou inférieure à la taille des atomes.
