Population structure (genetics)Population structure (also called genetic structure and population stratification) is the presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations. In a randomly mating (or panmictic) population, allele frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between groups. However, mating tends to be non-random to some degree, causing structure to arise. For example, a barrier like a river can separate two groups of the same species and make it difficult for potential mates to cross; if a mutation occurs, over many generations it can spread and become common in one subpopulation while being completely absent in the other.
Effective population sizeThe effective population size (Ne) is a number that, in some simplified scenarios, corresponds to the number of breeding individuals in the population. More generally, Ne is the number of individuals that an idealised population would need to have in order for some specified quantity of interest (typically change of genetic diversity or inbreeding rates) to be the same as in the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient simplifications such as random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size, and equal numbers of children per parent.
Attaque de paniqueL'attaque de panique (également appelée crise d'angoisse aigüe ou quelquefois crise de panique) est une sensation de peur intense de survenue brutale et généralement transitoire. Les symptômes physiques associés peuvent comporter des sueurs, des palpitations, une impression d'étouffer (dyspnée), des douleurs à la poitrine, des nausées, des picotements (paresthésie). Ces symptômes sont associés à des sensations de perte de contrôle ou de danger imminent sans lien avec la réalité.
