Inhibiteur de PARPvignette|Structure de l'olaparib, un inhibiteur de PARP homologué contre les cancers de l'ovaire avancés et résistants. Un inhibiteur de PARP est un composé chimique agissant comme inhibiteur enzymatique d'une poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase (PARP). De telles molécules forment une classe de médicaments anticancéreux ciblant les cancers caractérisés par une surexpression des enzymes de type PARP, notamment la PARP-1.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Gastrointestinal cancerGastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction (leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating), abnormal bleeding or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorPancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs, PETs, or PNETs), often referred to as "islet cell tumours", or "pancreatic endocrine tumours" are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous system within the pancreas. PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor, representing about one-third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign, while some are malignant. Aggressive PanNET tumors have traditionally been termed "islet cell carcinoma".
Hereditary cancer syndromeA hereditary cancer syndrome (familial/family cancer syndrome, inherited cancer syndrome, cancer predisposition syndrome, cancer syndrome, etc.) is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predispose the affected individuals to the development of cancer and may also cause early onset of these cancers. Hereditary cancer syndromes often show not only a high lifetime risk of developing cancer, but also the development of multiple independent primary tumors.
Organisme génétiquement modifiévignette|Un bout d'ADN retiré par une pince (vision d'artiste). Un organisme génétiquement modifié ou OGM (en anglais, Genetically modified organism ou GMO) est un organisme vivant dont le patrimoine génétique a été modifié par l'intervention humaine. Selon les définitions européennes, ces modifications doivent être issues du génie génétique. La définition américaine inclut également les modifications issues de la sélection artificielle.
Aliment génétiquement modifiéGenetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.
Homology directed repairHomology-directed repair (HDR) is a mechanism in cells to repair double-strand DNA lesions. The most common form of HDR is homologous recombination. The HDR mechanism can only be used by the cell when there is a homologous piece of DNA present in the nucleus, mostly in G2 and S phase of the cell cycle. Other examples of homology-directed repair include single-strand annealing and breakage-induced replication. When the homologous DNA is absent, another process called non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) takes place instead.
Immortalised cell lineAn immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the biochemistry and cell biology of multicellular organisms.
MétabolismeLe métabolisme est l'ensemble des réactions chimiques qui se déroulent à l'intérieur de chaque cellule d'un être vivant et lui permettent notamment de se maintenir en vie, de se reproduire (se diviser), de se développer et de répondre aux stimuli de son environnement (échanges par exemple). Certaines de ces réactions chimiques se déroulent en dehors des cellules de l'organisme, comme la digestion ou le transport de substances entre cellules. Cependant, la plupart de ces réactions ont lieu dans les cellules elles-mêmes et constituent le métabolisme intermédiaire.
Réseau métaboliqueUn réseau métabolique est l'ensemble des processus métaboliques et physiques qui déterminent les propriétés physiologiques et biochimiques d'une cellule. Par conséquent, ces réseaux comprennent les réactions chimiques du métabolisme, les voies métaboliques, ainsi que les interactions régulatrices qui guident ces réactions. Avec le séquençage complet des génomes, il est maintenant possible de reconstituer le réseau de réactions biochimiques dans de nombreux organismes, des bactéries aux humains.
Breast cancer classificationBreast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these classifications are updated. The purpose of classification is to select the best treatment. The effectiveness of a specific treatment is demonstrated for a specific breast cancer (usually by randomized, controlled trials).
