Head injuryA head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain. The terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature. Because head injuries cover such a broad scope of injuries, there are many causes—including accidents, falls, physical assault, or traffic accidents—that can cause head injuries. The number of new cases is 1.7 million in the United States each year, with about 3% of these incidents leading to death.
Adult neurogenesisAdult neurogenesis is the process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the adult. This process differs from prenatal neurogenesis. In most mammals, new neurons are born throughout adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where neural stem cells give birth to granule cells (implicated in memory formation and learning). The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, which can be divided into three microdomains: lateral, dorsal and medial.
Péricaryonvignette|Le cytoplasme est le liquide dans lequel baigne le noyau de la cellule (ici une cellule de neurone). Le péricaryon, aussi appelé soma, est le cytoplasme du corps cellulaire du neurone. Le mot signifie en grec « autour du noyau ». Depuis le corps cellulaire du neurone émergent les autres structures morphologiques caractéristiques des neurones : les dendrites et l'axone. Le péricaryon peut avoir, selon le type de cellule nerveuse, différentes formes, qui ont souvent donné leur nom aux catégories de neurones.
Élagage synaptiquevignette|droite|upright=1.2|alt=Schéma représentant une modélisation des différents types d'expression neuro-synaptique.|Les différents types de connexions où le processus d'élagage synaptique peut intervenir. L'élagage synaptique est le processus d'élimination des synapses qui se produit entre la petite enfance et le début de la puberté chez les humains. Le même phénomène se produit chez de nombreux mammifères. Ce mécanisme comprend d'une part l'élagage des axones et d'autre part celui des dendrites.
Open-source softwareOpen-source software (OSS) is computer software that is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, meaning any capable user is able to participate online in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite.
Nerve conduction velocityIn neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, which include age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially demyelinating diseases as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities. CV is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies.
Open sourceOpen source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration. A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public.
Neuroendocrine cellNeuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules (hormones) into the blood. In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood.
Central nervous system diseaseCentral nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments. Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer.
AstrogliosisAstrogliosis (also known as astrocytosis or referred to as reactive astrogliosis) is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from central nervous system (CNS) trauma, infection, ischemia, stroke, autoimmune responses or neurodegenerative disease. In healthy neural tissue, astrocytes play critical roles in energy provision, regulation of blood flow, homeostasis of extracellular fluid, homeostasis of ions and transmitters, regulation of synapse function and synaptic remodeling.
Dendrite (biologie)Les dendrites (du grec δένδρον déndron «arbre») sont des prolongements du corps cellulaire des neurones dont elles partagent les organites (à l'exception du noyau et des lysosomes). Les dendrites sont des prolongements des neurones moteurs courts et effilés. Les corps cellulaires en contiennent généralement des centaines, avec les mêmes organites. Elles forment la principale structure réceptrice des neurones.
Nerf vagueLe nerf vague (X), également appelé nerf pneumogastrique, nerf cardio-pneumo-entérique, nerf parasympathique ou nerf cardiaque, est le dixième nerf crânien. C'est une voie très importante de la régulation végétative (digestion, fréquence cardiaque...) et du contrôle sensorimoteur du larynx, donc de la phonation. Le nerf vague est le nerf crânien dont le territoire est le plus étendu (d'où son nom). C'est un nerf mixte qui convoie des informations motrices, sensitives, sensorielles et surtout végétatives parasympathiques.
