Suprapubic cystostomyA suprapubic cystostomy or suprapubic catheter (SPC) (also known as a vesicostomy or epicystostomy) is a surgically created connection between the urinary bladder and the skin used to drain urine from the bladder in individuals with obstruction of normal urinary flow. The connection does not go through the abdominal cavity. Urinary flow may be blocked by swelling of the prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy), traumatic disruption of the urethra, congenital defects of the urinary tract, or by obstructions such as kidney stones passed into the urethra, and cancer.
Abaque de Smithvignette|348x348px|Un exemple d'abaque de Smith. L'abaque de Smith est un nomogramme reliant le rapport des ondes guidées incidentes et réfléchies le long d'un guide de propagation à la variation d'impédance caractéristique le long de ce guide. Cette représentation porte le nom de son inventeur, Phillip Hagar Smith, proposée en 1939, à la suite de ses travaux sur le calcul de la ligne de transmission à la RCA. Un plan complexe est associé aux coefficients de réflexion d'une onde guidée, et l'abaque est généralement réduit à un disque tel que le module du coefficient de réflexion est inférieur ou égal à 1.
Reflections of signals on conducting linesA signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance, if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined. This article is about signal reflections on electrically conducting lines.
PyelogramPyelogram (or pyelography or urography) is a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter. Types include: Intravenous pyelogram – In which a contrast solution is introduced through a vein into the circulatory system. Retrograde pyelogram – Any pyelogram in which contrast medium is introduced from the lower urinary tract and flows toward the kidney (i.e. in a "retrograde" direction, against the normal flow of urine). Anterograde pyelogram (also antegrade pyelogram) – A pyelogram where a contrast medium passes from the kidneys toward the bladder, mimicking the normal flow of urine.
