Stimulus–response modelThe stimulus–response model is a characterization of a statistical unit (such as a neuron). The model allows the prediction of a quantitative response to a quantitative stimulus, for example one administered by a researcher. In psychology, stimulus response theory forms classical conditioning in which a stimulus becomes a paired response in a subject's mind. Stimulus–response models are applied in international relations, psychology, risk assessment, neuroscience, neurally-inspired system design, and many other fields.
Stimulus (physiology)In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity (excitability). Sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors.
Illusionvignette|La « tête sur un plat », une attraction du musée régional des sciences de Bophal, en Inde, en 2012. Une illusion (du latin illusio) est une perception qui diffère de la réalité considérée comme objective. Dans le domaine de la pensée, l'illusion d'un individu est une conception erronée, une croyance, causée par un jugement biaisé ou un raisonnement incorrect. La désillusion est le sentiment que ce que nous avons perçu ou compris dément la façon, généralement optimiste, dont nous percevions les choses auparavant.
Sens (physiologie)vignette|Les cinq sens d'après Aristote, représentés par leurs organes sensoriels inhérents : oreilles, yeux, langue, nez, peau. Du point de vue de la physiologie, les sens sont les systèmes sensoriels de la perception. Leur fonctionnement, leur classification, et la théorie épistémologique qui soutient leur étude sont abordés par plusieurs disciplines, principalement les neurosciences, mais aussi la psychologie cognitive (ou science cognitive), et toutes les philosophies et études sociales telle l’anthropologie ayant trait à la perception.
Predictive modellingPredictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes. Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place. In many cases, the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an email determining how likely that it is spam.
Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mappingLarge deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) is a specific suite of algorithms used for diffeomorphic mapping and manipulating dense imagery based on diffeomorphic metric mapping within the academic discipline of computational anatomy, to be distinguished from its precursor based on diffeomorphic mapping. The distinction between the two is that diffeomorphic metric maps satisfy the property that the length associated to their flow away from the identity induces a metric on the group of diffeomorphisms, which in turn induces a metric on the orbit of shapes and forms within the field of Computational Anatomy.
Olfactionvignette| L'odorat des canidés est réputé être l'un des meilleurs parmi les mammifères. C'est une des raisons qui expliquent qu'ils ont été très utilisés comme chien de chasse, de garde ou de sauveteur. L'olfaction ou l'odorat est le sens qui permet d'analyser les substances chimiques volatiles (odeurs) présentes dans l’air.
Subjective constancySubjective constancy or perceptual constancy is the perception of an object or quality as constant even though our sensation of the object changes. While the physical characteristics of an object may not change, in an attempt to deal with the external world, the human perceptual system has mechanisms that adjust to the stimulus. There are several types of perceptual constancies in visual perception: Size constancy is one type of visual subjective constancy.
