Bacterial inactivation in sunlit surface waters is dominated by reactive species that emanate from the synergy between light, iron, and natural organic matter

In this study, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of Fe species and coexisting natural organic matter (NOM) on the efficacy of solar light disinfection of water are investigated. Different initial iron species (Fe2+/Fe3+) and naturalorganic matter types (Suwannee River-SRNOM, Nordic Reservoir NOM-NDNOM, SR Humic Acid-SRHA, and SR Fulvic Acid-SRFA) were selected. The bactericidal actions of Fe and NOM, alone or in conjunction, were evaluated at various initial iron dosing concentrations, NOM concentrations, irradiation intensities, and pH values. We show that when an appropriate iron (1 ppm Fe2+ or 0.25 ppm Fe3+) and NOM concentration (2 ppm SRNOM or 5 ppm NDNOM) coexisted, synergistic inactivation was observed in the pH range 5.0-8.0. A plausible explanation is that the presence of Fe+NOM significantly promoted the generation of hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2), which led to enhanced disinfection rates. These results elucidate the previously understudied effects of ubiquitous elements in natural waters and their impact on solar-mediated bacterial inactivation.