Attribution of riming and aggregation processes by application of the vertical distribution of particle shape (VDPS) and spectral retrieval techniques to cloud radar observations

Advancing the understanding of mixed-phase cloud microphysical growth processes requires a thorough detection of the transition processes from pristine hydrometeor states toward aggregates, rimed particles and graupel. In this study, a versatile combination of techniques is applied to detect and characterize aggregated and strongly rimed hydrometeors even under adverse atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of orographic gravity waves. This approach combines dual-frequency observations from vertical-stare Doppler cloud radars and measurements from a polarimetric scanning cloud radar. The core of the approach is to use profiles of the vertical distribution of particle shape (VDPS) method that serve as a proxy for identifying the presence of oblate, isometric or prolate cloud particles. At height levels within the VDPS-based shape profiles where isometric particles are identified, Doppler spectra and dual-wavelength vertical-stare cloud radar observations are used to discriminate between the occurrence of aggregation and graupel formation.The underlying dataset was acquired in the framework of the 3-year field experiment Dynamics, Aerosol, Cloud and Precipitation Observations in the Pristine Environment of the Southern Ocean (DACAPO-PESO) at the southern hemispheric midlatitude site of Punta Arenas, Chile (53 degrees S, 71 degrees W). The frequent presence of layers of supercooled liquid water and the permanent occurrence of orographic gravity waves motivate a strong interest to understand the formation of precipitation and the role of aggregation and riming at this site. Therefore, two case studies representing both processes, strong riming events and aggregation, from the DACAPO-PESO campaign are presented to demonstrate the potential of combining the new VDPS retrieval with spectral methods, which analyze particle fall velocity and the coexistence of multiple particle types. We found that the identification of layers of supercooled liquid water is essential to pin down regions of riming in the observed cloud systems. In consequence, considering the general notion of the excess of liquid water in clouds over the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes, our study serves as a preliminary investigation into the occurrence of riming and aggregation processes above Punta Arenas.