Machine thermiqueUne machine thermique est un mécanisme qui fait subir à un fluide des transformations cycliques au cours desquelles le fluide échange avec l'extérieur de l'énergie sous forme de travail et de chaleur. La théorie des machines thermiques s'attache à la description et à l'étude physique de certains systèmes thermodynamiques qui permettent de transformer l'énergie thermique en énergie mécanique, et vice versa. Fondée au milieu du siècle, elle s'appuie sur la thermodynamique, et en particulier sur ses deux premiers principes.
Plasma parametersPlasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains. The behaviour of such particle systems can be studied statistically. All quantities are in Gaussian (cgs) units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.
Thermal management (electronics)All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of heat output is equal to the power input, if there are no other energy interactions. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, and others. In cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation.
