Tropospheric scatterTropospheric scatter, also known as troposcatter, is a method of communicating with microwave radio signals over considerable distances – often up to and further depending on frequency of operation, equipment type, terrain, and climate factors. This method of propagation uses the tropospheric scatter phenomenon, where radio waves at UHF and SHF frequencies are randomly scattered as they pass through the upper layers of the troposphere. Radio signals are transmitted in a narrow beam aimed just above the horizon in the direction of the receiver station.
Rayleigh fadingRayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices. Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium (also called a communication channel) will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution — the radial component of the sum of two uncorrelated Gaussian random variables.
Nonlinear systemIn mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear dynamical systems, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive, contrasting with much simpler linear systems.
RéfractionEn physique des ondes, la réfraction désigne la courbe d'une onde (notamment optique, acoustique ou sismologique) à l'interface entre deux milieux aux vitesses de phase différentes sur le plan chimique ou physique (densité, impédance, température...) La réfraction se traduit par une modification de l'orientation : du front d'onde : c'est la ligne que décrit une vague dans l'eau (optique physique et sismologie) ; du rayon : c'est la direction de propagation de l'onde, perpendiculaire au front d'onde (optique géométrique).
