Low-cost, large-area carbon electrode perovskite solar cells

The increasing efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), driven by their low cost, low carbon footprint and easy processability, offers real opportunities for new markets in innovative photovoltaic (PV) technology. A crucial challenge in this transition is device instability. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells offer a promising alternative with the advantages of more abundant materials and stable performance. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of recent advancements in carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs) technology, focusing on the applications of carbon electrodes and their critical role as interfacial electrodes, as well as discussing the advantage of this configuration in terms of deposition methods for large-area modules. Furthermore, techno-economic aspects will be considered to provide an assessment of the suitability of C-PSCs for applications ranging from large-area PVs to indoor applications and flexible electronics.