Multi-Frequency Tracking via Group-Sparse Optimal Transport

In this letter, we introduce an optimal transport framework for inferring power distributions over both spatial location and temporal frequency. Recently, it has been shown that optimal transport is a powerful tool for estimating spatial spectra that change smoothly over time. In this letter, we consider the tracking of the spatio-temporal spectrum corresponding to a small number of moving broad-band signal sources. Typically, such tracking problems are addressed by treating the spatio-temporal power distribution in a frequency-by-frequency manner, allowing to use well-understood models for narrow-band signals. This however leads to decreased target resolution due to inefficient use of the available information. We propose an extension of the optimal transport framework that exploits information from several frequencies simultaneously by estimating a spatio-temporal distribution penalized by a group-sparsity regularizer. This approach finds a spatial spectrum that changes smoothly over time, and at each time instance has a small support that is similar across frequencies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first formulation combining optimal transport and sparsity for solving inverse problems. As is shown on simulated and real data, our method can successfully track targets in scenarios where information from separate frequency bands alone is insufficient.