Fiber laserA fiber laser (or fibre laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
Waveguide (optics)An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass, liquid light guides, and liquid waveguides. Optical waveguides are used as components in integrated optical circuits or as the transmission medium in local and long-haul optical communication systems.
État solidevignette|Solide en laiton conçu par Piet Hein prenant la forme d'un superœuf.|alt=Superœuf solide de couleur dorée posé sur une surface indéfinissable. L’état solide est un état de la matière caractérisé par l'absence de liberté entre les molécules ou les ions (métaux par exemple). Les critères macroscopiques de la matière à l'état solide sont : le solide a une forme propre ; le solide a un volume propre. Si un objet solide est ferme, c'est grâce aux liaisons entre les atomes, ions ou molécules composants du solide.
Transmission mediumA transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves.
