Mécanique des fluidesLa mécanique des fluides est un domaine de la physique consacré à l’étude du comportement des fluides (liquides, gaz et plasmas) et des forces internes associées. C’est une branche de la mécanique des milieux continus qui modélise la matière à l’aide de particules assez petites pour relever de l’analyse mathématique, mais assez grandes par rapport aux molécules pour être décrites par des fonctions continues. Elle comprend deux sous-domaines : la statique des fluides, qui est l’étude des fluides au repos, et la dynamique des fluides, qui est l’étude des fluides en mouvement.
Équations d'EulerEn mécanique des fluides, les équations d'Euler sont des équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires qui décrivent l'écoulement des fluides (liquide ou gaz) dans l’approximation des milieux continus. Ces écoulements sont adiabatiques, sans échange de quantité de mouvement par viscosité ni d'énergie par conduction thermique. L'histoire de ces équations remonte à Leonhard Euler qui les a établies pour des écoulements incompressibles (1757).
Apparent viscosityIn fluid mechanics, apparent viscosity (sometimes denoted η) is the shear stress applied to a fluid divided by the shear rate: For a Newtonian fluid, the apparent viscosity is constant, and equal to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, but for non-Newtonian fluids, the apparent viscosity depends on the shear rate. Apparent viscosity has the SI derived unit Pa·s (Pascal-second), but the centipoise is frequently used in practice: (1 mPa·s = 1 cP).
ComputationA computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computations are mathematical equations and computer algorithms. Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers. The study of computation is the field of computability, itself a sub-field of computer science. The notion that mathematical statements should be ‘well-defined’ had been argued by mathematicians since at least the 1600s, but agreement on a suitable definition proved elusive.
Loi de conservationvignette|redresse|Emmy Noether est une mathématicienne allemande dont le théorème explique le lien fondamental entre la symétrie et les lois de conservation. En physique, une loi de conservation exprime qu'une propriété mesurable particulière d'un système physique reste constante au cours de l'évolution de ce système.
Théorème de Bernoullivignette|Observations à l'aide d'un tube de Venturi illustrant le théorème de Bernoulli En mécanique des fluides, le est un principe de conservation de l'énergie sous certaines hypothèses de l'écoulement, établi en par Daniel Bernoulli. C'est un résultat historique dans le développement de la dynamique des fluides. S’il est initialement utilisé pour des fluides en circulation dans une conduite, il trouve un important champ d'application en aérodynamique.
Pressure measurementPressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure mechanically are called pressure gauges, vacuum gauges or compound gauges (vacuum & pressure). The widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably the best known type of gauge.
HemorheologyHemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from Greek ‘αἷμα, haima 'blood' and rheology, from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia 'study of'), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells. Proper tissue perfusion can occur only when blood's rheological properties are within certain levels. Alterations of these properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.
Theory of computationIn theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones). The field is divided into three major branches: automata theory and formal languages, computability theory, and computational complexity theory, which are linked by the question: "What are the fundamental capabilities and limitations of computers?".
Flow measurementFlow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured using devices called flowmeters in various ways. The common types of flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below: Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area) Inferential (turbine type) Electromagnetic Positive-displacement flowmeters, which accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow. Fluid dynamic (vortex shedding) Anemometer Ultrasonic flow meter Mass flow meter (Coriolis force).
Blood pressureBlood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in a brachial artery, where it is most commonly measured. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle.
Mathématiques computationnellesvignette| Une interprétation en noir et blanc de la tablette YBC 7289 de la Yale Babylonian Collection (vers 1800–1600 avant notre ère), montrant une approximation babylonienne de la racine carrée de 2 (1 24 51 10 w : sexagésimal) dans le contexte du théorème de Pythagore pour un triangle isocèle. La tablette donne également un exemple où un côté du carré est 30 et la diagonale résultante est 42 25 35 soit 42,4263888.
