Enterovirus A71 priorities, challenges, and future opportunities in humoral immunity and vaccine development

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant public health concern, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, where it commonly causes hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. There are no clinically available antivirals, and use of inactivated vaccine is restricted to China. This review explores patterns of humoral immune response to EV-A71, highlights critical epitopes, and discusses vaccine development. Critically, we examine the challenges facing EV vaccination strategies, as well as future directions.