Ecosystem managementEcosystem management is an approach to natural resource management that aims to ensure the long-term sustainability and persistence of an ecosystem's function and services while meeting socioeconomic, political, and cultural needs. Although indigenous communities have employed sustainable ecosystem management approaches implicitly for millennia, ecosystem management emerged explicitly as a formal concept in the 1990s from a growing appreciation of the complexity of ecosystems and of humans' reliance and influence on natural systems (e.
Stakeholder theoryThe stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that accounts for multiple constituencies impacted by business entities like employees, suppliers, local communities, creditors, and others. It addresses morals and values in managing an organization, such as those related to corporate social responsibility, market economy, and social contract theory. The stakeholder view of strategy integrates a resource-based view and a market-based view, and adds a socio-political level.
Natural resource managementNatural resource management (NRM) is the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship). Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact. It brings together natural heritage management, land use planning, water management, bio-diversity conservation, and the future sustainability of industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries and forestry.
Écologie de la restaurationL'écologie de la restauration est la science qui sert de base théorique aux pratiques d'ingénierie écologique visant au retour d'un écosystème vers un état de référence. L'écologie de la restauration est la science qui sert de base théorique aux pratiques de restauration ou de réhabilitation des écosystèmes.
Étude d'impactUne étude d'impact est une étude technique qui vise à apprécier les conséquences de toutes natures, notamment environnementales, d'un projet d'aménagement pour tenter d'en limiter, atténuer ou compenser les effets négatifs. La prise de conscience, dans les années 1970, de la nécessité de limiter les dommages à la nature s’est concrétisée par des lois obligeant à réduire les nuisances et pollutions, et à atténuer les impacts des grands projets (ou de projets dépassant un certain coût).
Mangrove restorationMangrove restoration is the regeneration of mangrove forest ecosystems in areas where they have previously existed. The practice of mangrove restoration is grounded in the discipline of restoration ecology, which aims to “[assist] the recovery of resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed”. Since environmental impacts are an ongoing threat, to successfully restore an ecosystem implies not merely to recreate its former condition, but to strengthen its capacity to adapt to change over time.
Partie prenanteUne partie prenante (en anglais : stakeholder) est un acteur, individuel ou collectif (groupe ou organisation), activement ou passivement concerné par une décision ou un projet ; c'est-à-dire dont les intérêts peuvent être affectés positivement ou négativement à la suite de son exécution (ou de sa non-exécution). La notion de partie prenante est centrale dans les questions de développement durable, de responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) (ou plus généralement de responsabilité sociétale des organisations), de démocratie participative ainsi que dans certaines normes (écocertification.
Stream restorationStream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development. Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad categories: form-based restoration, which relies on physical interventions in a stream to improve its conditions; and process-based restoration, which advocates the restoration of hydrological and geomorphological processes (such as sediment transport or connectivity between the channel and the floodplain) to ensure a stream's resilience and ecological health.
Riparian-zone restorationRiparian-zone restoration is the ecological restoration of riparian-zone habitats of streams, rivers, springs, lakes, floodplains, and other hydrologic ecologies. A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the fifteen terrestrial biomes of the earth; the habitats of plant and animal communities along the margins and river banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by aquatic plants and animals that favor them.
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse. Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans.
Prise de décisionvignette|Lorsqu'il s'agit de prendre une décision, il est bon de savoir que des situations différentes nécessitent une approche différente. Il n'y a pas de façon unique de penser/d'agir. la plupart du temps, nous errons dans l'espace du désordre, sans savoir ce qui se passe, sans savoir comment agir. Dans ce cas, nous avons tendance à entrer dans l'espace avec lequel nous nous sentons le plus à l'aise et à commencer à agir. Lorsque vous avez trouvé le Saint Graal, la solution unique pour chaque problème, vous feriez mieux de faire attention.
Prise de décision collectiveLa prise de décision collective (en anglais, collaborative decision making ou CDM) est une situation où des individus sont rassemblés en un groupe pour résoudre des problèmes. Selon l'idée de synergie, les décisions prises collectivement ont tendance à être plus efficaces que les décisions prises individuellement. Cependant, il existe des situations dans lesquelles les décisions prises en groupe aboutissent à un mauvais jugement. En psychologie sociale, la prise de décision collective peut être définie comme .
Méthode du consensusDans le monde politique et technique et dans les groupes, tout ou partie des acteurs ont souvent besoin d'appuyer leurs choix et décisions stratégiques sur des « preuves » rationnelles et scientifiques. Or ils sont souvent confrontés à des incertitudes. Pour réduire cette incertitude diverses méthodes ont été au cours du élaborées et affinées, dont les conférences de consensus qui aboutissent parfois à des résultats provisoires mais plus ou moins relativement consensuels. C'est un des moyens de résolution non violente de conflits.
ResourceResource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability — they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. They can also be classified as actual and potential on the basis of the level of development and use, on the basis of origin they can be classified as biotic and abiotic, and on the basis of their distribution, as ubiquitous and localised (private, community-owned, national and international resources).
Decision-making softwareDecision-making software (DM software) is software for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options. An early example of DM software was described in 1973. Before the advent of the World Wide Web, most DM software was spreadsheet-based, with the first web-based DM software appearing in the mid-1990s. Nowadays, many DM software products (mostly web-based) are available – e.g.
Automated decision-makingAutomated decision-making (ADM) involves the use of data, machines and algorithms to make decisions in a range of contexts, including public administration, business, health, education, law, employment, transport, media and entertainment, with varying degrees of human oversight or intervention. ADM involves large-scale data from a range of sources, such as databases, text, social media, sensors, images or speech, that is processed using various technologies including computer software, algorithms, machine learning, natural language processing, artificial intelligence, augmented intelligence and robotics.
