Consensus forecastUsed in a number of sciences, ranging from econometrics to meteorology, consensus forecasts are predictions of the future that are created by combining several separate forecasts which have often been created using different methodologies. Also known as combining forecasts, forecast averaging or model averaging (in econometrics and statistics) and committee machines, ensemble averaging or expert aggregation (in machine learning).
Physical neural networkA physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.
Compteur électriquealt=|vignette|Compteur électrique modulaire couramment utilisé pour toutes les applications de sous-comptage comme le suivi de la consommation de bornes de recharge, de stations photovoltaïques Un compteur d’énergie électrique ou compteur d’électricité ou compteur électrique est un organe électrique servant à mesurer la quantité d'énergie électrique consommée dans un lieu : habitation, industrie... Il est utilisé par les fournisseurs d'électricité afin de facturer la consommation d'énergie au client.
Sécurité énergétiquevignette| Un Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet de l'US Navy affichant un logo "Energy Security". La sécurité énergétique est l'association entre la sécurité nationale et la disponibilité des ressources naturelles pour la consommation d'énergie. L'accès à une énergie (relativement) bon marché est devenu essentiel au fonctionnement des économies modernes. Cependant, la répartition inégale des approvisionnements énergétiques entre les pays conduit à des vulnérabilités importantes.
Dependent and independent variablesDependent and independent variables are variables in mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. In this sense, some common independent variables are time, space, density, mass, fluid flow rate, and previous values of some observed value of interest (e.
Lattice model (finance)In finance, a lattice model is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where a discrete time model is required. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at "all" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black–Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date.
Implied volatilityIn financial mathematics, the implied volatility (IV) of an option contract is that value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model (such as Black–Scholes), will return a theoretical value equal to the current market price of said option. A non-option financial instrument that has embedded optionality, such as an interest rate cap, can also have an implied volatility. Implied volatility, a forward-looking and subjective measure, differs from historical volatility because the latter is calculated from known past returns of a security.
Thread (informatique)thumb|Un processus avec deux threads. Un thread ou fil (traduction normalisés par ISO/CEI 2382-7:2000 (autres appellations connues : processus léger, fil d'exécution, fil d'instruction, processus allégé, exétron, tâche, voire unité d'exécution ou unité de traitement) est similaire à un processus car tous deux représentent l'exécution d'un ensemble d'instructions du langage machine d'un processeur. Du point de vue de l'utilisateur, ces exécutions semblent se dérouler en parallèle.
Energy transformationEnergy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work or moving (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. In addition to being converted, according to the law of conservation of energy, energy is transferable to a different location or object, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Économies d'énergieLes économies d'énergie sont les gains obtenus en réduisant la consommation d'énergie ou les pertes sur l'énergie produite. Les économies d'énergie sont devenues un objectif important des pays fortement consommateurs d'énergie vers la fin du , notamment après le choc pétrolier de 1973 puis à partir des années 1990, afin de répondre à plusieurs inquiétudes : la crainte d'un épuisement des ressources naturelles, particulièrement des combustibles fossiles ; le réchauffement climatique résultant des émissions de gaz à effet de serre ; les problèmes politiques et de sécurité d'approvisionnement dus à l'inégale répartition des ressources sur la planète ; le coût de l'énergie que la combinaison de ces phénomènes peut faire augmenter.
Utility poleA utility pole is a column or post usually made out of wood used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street lights. It can be referred to as a transmission pole, telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole, telegraph pole, or telegraph post, depending on its application. A Stobie pole is a multi-purpose pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle, generally found in South Australia.
Green threadIn computer programming, a green thread (virtual thread) is a thread that is scheduled by a runtime library or virtual machine (VM) instead of natively by the underlying operating system (OS). Green threads emulate multithreaded environments without relying on any native OS abilities, and they are managed in user space instead of kernel space, enabling them to work in environments that do not have native thread support. Green threads refers to the name of the original thread library for the programming language Java (that was released in version 1.
