Cortex cérébralLe cortex cérébral (ou écorce cérébrale), d'origine prosencéphalique, est la substance grise périphérique des hémisphères cérébraux. Il se compose de trois couches (pour l'archi- et le paléocortex) à six couches (pour le néocortex) renfermant différentes classes de neurones, d'interneurones et de cellules gliales. Le cortex peut être segmenté en différentes aires selon des critères cytoarchitectoniques (nombre de couches, type de neurones), de leur connexions, notamment avec le thalamus, et de leur fonction.
Thalamocortical radiationsIn neuroanatomy, thalamocortical radiations also known as thalamocortical fibres, are the efferent fibres that project from the thalamus to distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. They form fibre bundles that emerge from the lateral surface of the thalamus. Thalamocortical fibers (TC fibres) have been referred to as one of the two constituents of the isothalamus, the other being microneurons. Thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tree-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of the cortex.
N100In neuroscience, the N100 or N1 is a large, negative-going evoked potential measured by electroencephalography (its equivalent in magnetoencephalography is the M100); it peaks in adults between 80 and 120 milliseconds after the onset of a stimulus, and is distributed mostly over the fronto-central region of the scalp. It is elicited by any unpredictable stimulus in the absence of task demands. It is often referred to with the following P200 evoked potential as the "N100-P200" or "N1-P2" complex.
Crête neuraleLa crête neurale ou plaque du toit désigne, chez l'embryon des craniates, une population de cellules transitoires et multipotentes générées à partir de la région la plus dorsale du tube neural. Ces cellules migrent dans l’ensemble de l'embryon au cours du développement et donnent naissance à une grande diversité de types cellulaires chez l'adulte.
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoringIntraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) or intraoperative neuromonitoring is the use of electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery. The purpose of IONM is to reduce the risk to the patient of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system, and/or to provide functional guidance to the surgeon and anesthesiologist.
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loopThe cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. The loop involves connections between the cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and back to the cortex. It is of particular relevance to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as to mental disorders of control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome.
Tube neuralvignette|Schéma de la formation de la crête neurale à partir de la plaque neurale. Le tube neural désigne le système nerveux primitif des embryons des chordés. Il se forme lors de l'étape de neurulation, entre les 19 et du développement embryonnaire humain. Il forme le système nerveux central chez le fœtus et chez l'humain. Il se forme par invagination de la plaque neurale en une gouttière, puis par convergence et fusion de ses bords.
Formation réticuléevignette|281x281px|Formation réticulée et posture La (ou ; également, en formatio reticularis) est une structure nerveuse du tronc cérébral à l'interface des systèmes autonome, moteur et sensitif. Elle a été mise en évidence la première fois en 1949 par et . Elle intervient dans la régulation de grandes fonctions vitales (comme les cycles veille-sommeil), le contrôle d'activités motrices réflexes ou stéréotypées, comme la marche ou le tonus postural et dans des fonctions cognitives telles que l'attention.
IntéroceptionL’intéroception est la capacité à évaluer de manière exacte son activité physiologique (par exemple son rythme cardiaque). Cette prédisposition est l’expression de l’activité de différentes régions corticales: le cortex somato-sensoriel, le gyrus cingulaire, le cortex frontal et le cortex insulaire. La capacité à ressentir les états internes interagit avec la cognition et les émotions. Un niveau élevé d’intéroception prédit des émotions plus fortes, condition importante pour les changements de comportement.
Neural correlates of consciousnessThe neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) refer to the relationships between mental states and neural states and constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena; that is, neural changes which necessarily and regularly correlate with a specific experience.
Sleep cycleThe sleep cycle is an oscillation between the slow-wave and REM (paradoxical) phases of sleep. It is sometimes called the ultradian sleep cycle, sleep–dream cycle, or REM-NREM cycle, to distinguish it from the circadian alternation between sleep and wakefulness. In humans, this cycle takes 70 to 110 minutes (90 ± 20 minutes). Electroencephalography shows the timing of sleep cycles by virtue of the marked distinction in brainwaves manifested during REM and non-REM sleep.
Types of artificial neural networksThere are many types of artificial neural networks (ANN). Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by biological neural networks, and are used to approximate functions that are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour of neurons and the electrical signals they convey between input (such as from the eyes or nerve endings in the hand), processing, and output from the brain (such as reacting to light, touch, or heat). The way neurons semantically communicate is an area of ongoing research.
