Marine biogeochemical cyclesMarine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land.
Woody plant encroachmentWoody plant encroachment (also called bush encroachment, shrub encroachment, woody encroachment, bush thickening, or woody plant proliferation) is a natural phenomenon characterised by the increase in density of woody plants, bushes and shrubs, at the expense of the herbaceous layer, grasses and forbs. It predominantly occurs in grasslands, savannas and woodlands and can cause biome shifts from open grasslands and savannas to closed woodlands. The term bush encroachment refers to the expansion of native plants and not the spread of alien invasive species.
Boundary conditions in fluid dynamicsBoundary conditions in fluid dynamics are the set of constraints to boundary value problems in computational fluid dynamics. These boundary conditions include inlet boundary conditions, outlet boundary conditions, wall boundary conditions, constant pressure boundary conditions, axisymmetric boundary conditions, symmetric boundary conditions, and periodic or cyclic boundary conditions. Transient problems require one more thing i.e., initial conditions where initial values of flow variables are specified at nodes in the flow domain.
Ecosystem healthEcosystem health is a metaphor used to describe the condition of an ecosystem. Ecosystem condition can vary as a result of fire, flooding, drought, extinctions, invasive species, climate change, mining, fishing, farming or logging, chemical spills, and a host of other reasons. There is no universally accepted benchmark for a healthy ecosystem, rather the apparent health status of an ecosystem can vary depending upon which health metrics are employed in judging it and which societal aspirations are driving the assessment.
Cycle du phosphoreLe cycle du phosphore est un cycle biogéochimique mettant en jeu le phosphore. Le phosphore est un constituant indispensable de la matière organique, même si son importance pondérale est relativement faible par rapport à l'azote ou au potassium. Son rôle est lié au stockage et transfert d'énergie (ATP), et à la formation de nombreux composés structurels (acides nucléiques, nucléotides, phospholipides, coenzymes,...).
Écologie de la restaurationL'écologie de la restauration est la science qui sert de base théorique aux pratiques d'ingénierie écologique visant au retour d'un écosystème vers un état de référence. L'écologie de la restauration est la science qui sert de base théorique aux pratiques de restauration ou de réhabilitation des écosystèmes.
Succession écologiquevignette|La recolonisation d'un milieu perturbé passe par différents stades, du stade pionnier au stade théorique du climax. Ici, le boisement par des essences pionnières commence à gagner sur la strate herbacée. vignette|Cycle sylvogénétique résumé en six étapes, avec représentation des séquences propres aux six stades.Après un certain temps survient une perturbation qui fait reprendre le "cycle" à son début (ou à un stade intermédiaire si la perturbation est peu importante).
Proportional representationProportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast - or almost all votes cast - contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone - not just a bare plurality or (exclusively) the majority - and that the system produces mixed, balanced representation reflecting how votes are cast.
