Metric connectionIn mathematics, a metric connection is a connection in a vector bundle E equipped with a bundle metric; that is, a metric for which the inner product of any two vectors will remain the same when those vectors are parallel transported along any curve. This is equivalent to: A connection for which the covariant derivatives of the metric on E vanish. A principal connection on the bundle of orthonormal frames of E. A special case of a metric connection is a Riemannian connection; there is a unique such which is torsion free, the Levi-Civita connection.
Structural engineerStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Verre platLe verre plat est un verre fabriqué sous forme de feuilles. Il est principalement utilisé pour la fabrication des vitres et des miroirs. Les verres plats, constituent avec les verres creux, les fibres de verre et les verres cellulaires, les principales familles de verre. Le verre plat constitue une bonne part de la production industrielle verrière au . Cet article décrit les procédés de fabrication de celui-ci. thumb|Fenêtre de la Maison des Têtes de Colmar, 1609.
Bending momentIn solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.
Structural steelStructural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries. Most structural steel shapes, such as -beams, have high second moments of area, which means they are very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area and thus can support a high load without excessive sagging.
Transition vitreuseLa transition vitreuse est un ensemble de phénomènes physique associés au passage d'un état de liquide surfondu à un état solide, qualifié de vitreux. Elle caractérise le passage entre la forme dure et relativement cassante et la forme « fondue » ou caoutchouteuse d'un matériau amorphe (ou d'un matériau semi-cristallin avec des régions amorphes). Un solide amorphe qui montre une telle forme de transition vitreuse est appelé un verre. Le refroidissement intense d'un liquide visqueux vers sa forme vitreuse est appelé la vitrification.
