Problème principal-agentLe principe du principal-agent est le cœur de la théorie de l'agence, une des théories de l'économie industrielle. Il désigne un ensemble de problèmes rencontrés lorsque l'action d'un acteur économique, désigné comme étant le « principal », dépend de l'action ou de la nature d'un autre acteur, « l'agent », sur lequel le principal est imparfaitement informé. Il s'agit donc d'étudier les conséquences d'une asymétrie d'information.
Expected shortfallExpected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure—a concept used in the field of financial risk measurement to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst of cases. ES is an alternative to value at risk that is more sensitive to the shape of the tail of the loss distribution. Expected shortfall is also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL), and superquantile.
Isoelastic utilityIn economics, the isoelastic function for utility, also known as the isoelastic utility function, or power utility function, is used to express utility in terms of consumption or some other economic variable that a decision-maker is concerned with. The isoelastic utility function is a special case of hyperbolic absolute risk aversion and at the same time is the only class of utility functions with constant relative risk aversion, which is why it is also called the CRRA utility function.
Food pricesFood prices refer to the average price level for food across countries, regions and on a global scale. Food prices affect producers and consumers of food. Price levels depend on the food production process, including food marketing and food distribution. Fluctuation in food prices is determined by a number of compounding factors. Geopolitical events, global demand, exchange rates, government policy, diseases and crop yield, energy costs, availability of natural resources for agriculture, food speculation, changes in the use of soil and weather events directly affect food prices.
Hyperbolic absolute risk aversionIn finance, economics, and decision theory, hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) refers to a type of risk aversion that is particularly convenient to model mathematically and to obtain empirical predictions from. It refers specifically to a property of von Neumann–Morgenstern utility functions, which are typically functions of final wealth (or some related variable), and which describe a decision-maker's degree of satisfaction with the outcome for wealth. The final outcome for wealth is affected both by random variables and by decisions.
IT riskInformation technology risk, IT risk, IT-related risk, or cyber risk is any risk relating to information technology. While information has long been appreciated as a valuable and important asset, the rise of the knowledge economy and the Digital Revolution has led to organizations becoming increasingly dependent on information, information processing and especially IT. Various events or incidents that compromise IT in some way can therefore cause adverse impacts on the organization's business processes or mission, ranging from inconsequential to catastrophic in scale.
Théorie du risqueLe terme théorie du risque est susceptible de plusieurs acceptions. La Théorie du risque a été développée par Frank Knight en 1921 dans son livre Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Il existe selon lui deux types de risques : Le risque assurable, dont l'occurrence est probabilisable et pour lequel on peut s’assurer ; Le risque d’entreprise ou incertitude, où l'entreprise doit faire plusieurs choix successifs (que produire, en quelle quantité, à quel prix) et où la possibilité d'une erreur est importante.
Marché (économie)Un marché est l'institution sociale abstraite où se rencontrent l'offre et la demande de biens ou de services. Le marché est ainsi le lieu, physique ou virtuel, où les échanges commerciaux ont lieu. Dans son acception la plus ancienne, un marché est une institution qui accueille un commerce localisé précisément dans l'espace et le temps mais de dimension variable, par exemple les marchés traditionnels, les marchés aux puces et Lloyd's of London.
Shadow priceA shadow price is the monetary value assigned to an abstract or intangible commodity which is not traded in the marketplace. This often takes the form of an externality. Shadow prices are also known as the recalculation of known market prices in order to account for the presence of distortionary market instruments (e.g. quotas, tariffs, taxes or subsidies). Shadow prices are the real economic prices given to goods and services after they have been appropriately adjusted by removing distortionary market instruments and incorporating the societal impact of the respective good or service.
Risk–return spectrumThe risk–return spectrum (also called the risk–return tradeoff or risk–reward) is the relationship between the amount of return gained on an investment and the amount of risk undertaken in that investment. The more return sought, the more risk that must be undertaken. There are various classes of possible investments, each with their own positions on the overall risk-return spectrum. The general progression is: short-term debt; long-term debt; property; high-yield debt; equity.
RabaisUn rabais est une réduction commerciale accordée à la facturation ou après facturation (avoir) du fait d'un défaut de qualité, de la non-conformité du produit ou d'un retard de livraison. Afin de conserver un climat de confiance entre le client et le fournisseur lorsqu'il y a constatation d'un défaut de qualité du produit vendu, il peut y avoir réduction de prix après facturation. Par abus de langage le client habitué peut demander cette remise pendant les soldes par exemple.
Image resolutionImage resolution is the level of detail an holds. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. "Higher resolution" means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch), to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, TV lines, or TVL), or to angular subtense.
