Conduction thermiqueLa conduction thermique (ou diffusion thermique) est un mode de transfert thermique provoqué par une différence de température entre deux régions d'un même milieu, ou entre deux milieux en contact, et se réalisant sans déplacement global de matière (à l'échelle macroscopique) par opposition à la convection qui est un autre mode de transfert thermique. Elle peut s'interpréter comme la transmission de proche en proche de l'agitation thermique : un atome (ou une molécule) cède une partie de son énergie cinétique à l'atome voisin.
Surface (topology)In the part of mathematics referred to as topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Thermal management (electronics)All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of heat output is equal to the power input, if there are no other energy interactions. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, and others. In cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation.
